Rarraba cadaver na al'ada yana kan raguwa, yayin da plastination da 3D bugu (3DP) ke samun shahara a matsayin madadin hanyoyin koyarwa na gargajiya.Ba a bayyana mene ne ƙarfi da raunin waɗannan sabbin kayan aikin ba da kuma yadda za su iya shafar ƙwarewar koyon ilimin jikin ɗan adam, wanda ya haɗa da ƙimar ɗan adam kamar girmamawa, kulawa, da tausayawa.
Nan da nan bayan binciken giciye bazuwar, an gayyaci ɗalibai 96.An yi amfani da ƙira mai fa'ida don bincika abubuwan koyo ta amfani da nau'ikan filastik da 3D na zuciya (Mataki na 1, n=63) da wuya (Mataki na 2, n=33).An gudanar da nazarin jigo na inductive bisa 278 na sake dubawa na rubutu kyauta (yana nufin ƙarfi, rauni, wurare don ingantawa) da fayyace rubuce-rubucen ƙungiyoyin mayar da hankali (n = 8) game da koyan ilimin jiki ta amfani da waɗannan kayan aikin.
An gano jigogi huɗu: fahimtar sahihanci, fahimtar asali da sarƙaƙƙiya, halaye na girmamawa da kulawa, ɗabi'a iri-iri, da jagoranci.
Gabaɗaya, ɗalibai suna jin cewa samfuran plastin ɗin sun fi dacewa kuma saboda haka suna jin girmamawa da kulawa fiye da samfuran 3DP, waɗanda suka fi sauƙi don amfani da su kuma sun fi dacewa da koyan ilimin halittar jiki.
Jikin ɗan adam ya kasance daidaitaccen hanyar koyarwa da ake amfani da shi a ilimin likitanci tun ƙarni na 17 [1, 2].Duk da haka, saboda iyakanceccen damar yin amfani da shi, babban farashi na kulawar cadaver [3, 4], raguwa mai yawa a lokacin horon jikin mutum [1, 5], da ci gaban fasaha [3, 6], darussan jikin mutum da aka koyar ta amfani da hanyoyin rarraba al'ada suna raguwa. .Wannan yana buɗe sabbin damar don bincika sabbin hanyoyin koyarwa da kayan aiki, kamar samfuran ɗan adam da aka yi wa plastined da samfuran 3D buga (3DP) [6,7,8].
Kowane ɗayan waɗannan kayan aikin yana da ribobi da fursunoni.Samfuran da aka ɗora sun bushe, marasa wari, na gaske kuma marasa haɗari [9,10,11], wanda ya sa su dace don koyarwa da shigar da ɗalibai cikin nazarin da fahimtar ilimin jikin mutum.Duk da haka, su ma ba su da ƙarfi kuma ba su da sassauƙa [10, 12], don haka ana tunanin sun fi wuya a sarrafa su da isa ga sifofi masu zurfi [9].Dangane da farashi, samfuran filastik gabaɗaya sun fi tsada don siye da kulawa fiye da samfuran 3DP [6,7,8].A gefe guda, samfuran 3DP suna ba da damar laushi daban-daban [7, 13] da launuka [6, 14] kuma ana iya sanya su zuwa takamaiman sassa, wanda ke taimaka wa ɗalibai sauƙin ganewa, rarrabewa da tunawa da mahimman tsari, kodayake wannan yana da alama ƙasa da gaske fiye da filastik. samfurori.
Yawancin karatu sun bincika sakamakon koyo / ayyuka na nau'ikan nau'ikan kayan aikin anatomical irin su samfuran filastik, hotuna 2D, sassan jika, Tebur Anatomage (Anatomage Inc., San Jose, CA) da samfuran 3DP [11, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21].Koyaya, sakamakon ya bambanta dangane da zaɓin kayan aikin horarwa da aka yi amfani da su a cikin ƙungiyoyin sarrafawa da shiga tsakani, da kuma dangane da yankuna daban-daban na anatomical [14, 22].Misali, lokacin da aka yi amfani da su a hade tare da rarrabuwar rigar [11, 15] da tebur na autopsy [20], ɗalibai sun ba da rahoton gamsuwar koyo da halaye ga samfuran plastined.Hakazalika, amfani da tsarin filastin yana nuna kyakkyawan sakamako na haƙiƙanin ilimin ɗalibai [23, 24].
Ana amfani da ƙirar 3DP sau da yawa don ƙarin hanyoyin koyarwa na al'ada [14,17,21].Loke et al.(2017) ya ruwaito game da amfani da samfurin 3DP don fahimtar cututtukan zuciya na haihuwa a cikin likitan yara [18].Wannan binciken ya nuna cewa ƙungiyar 3DP ta sami gamsuwar koyo, mafi kyawun fahimtar Falot's tetrad, da kuma ingantaccen ikon sarrafa marasa lafiya (daidaitawar kai) idan aka kwatanta da ƙungiyar hoto na 2D.Yin nazarin tsarin jikin bishiyar jijiyoyin jini da kuma tsarin jikin kwanyar ta amfani da samfuran 3DP yana ba da gamsuwar koyo iri ɗaya kamar hotunan 2D [16, 17].Waɗannan binciken sun nuna cewa ƙirar 3DP sun fi zane-zane na 2D dangane da gamsuwar fahimtar ɗalibi.Koyaya, nazarin musamman kwatanta samfuran 3DP masu yawa tare da samfuran filastik suna iyakance.Mogali et al.(2021) ya yi amfani da samfurin plastination tare da 3DP na zuciya da ƙirar wuyansa kuma ya ba da rahoton irin wannan karuwar ilimin tsakanin iko da ƙungiyoyin gwaji [21].
Koyaya, ana buƙatar ƙarin shaida don samun zurfin fahimtar dalilin da yasa ƙwarewar koyon ɗalibi ya dogara da zaɓin kayan aikin jiki da sassa daban-daban na jiki da gabobin [14, 22].Ƙimar ɗan adam wani al'amari ne mai ban sha'awa wanda zai iya rinjayar wannan fahimta.Wannan yana nufin girmamawa, kulawa, tausayi da tausayi da ake tsammani daga ɗaliban da suka zama likitoci [25, 26].A al'adance ana neman dabi'un ɗan adam a cikin binciken gawarwaki, kamar yadda ake koya wa ɗalibai don tausayawa da kuma kula da gawarwakin da aka ba da gudummawar, don haka nazarin jikin ɗan adam ya kasance yana mamaye wuri na musamman [27, 28].Duk da haka, da wuya a auna wannan a cikin filastik da kayan aikin 3DP.Ba kamar rufaffiyar tambayoyin binciken Likert ba, hanyoyin tattara bayanai masu inganci kamar tattaunawa ta rukuni da tambayoyin binciken buɗe ido suna ba da haske game da sharhin mahalarta da aka rubuta cikin bazuwar tsari don bayyana tasirin sabbin kayan aikin koyo akan ƙwarewar koyo.
Don haka wannan binciken ya yi niyya don amsa ta yaya ɗalibai suke fahimtar jikin mutum daban-daban lokacin da aka ba su kayan aikin saiti (plastination) tare da hotuna da aka buga na 3D na zahiri don koyon ilimin jikin mutum?
Don amsa tambayoyin da ke sama, ɗalibai suna da damar samun, tarawa da raba ilimin halittar jiki ta hanyar hulɗar ƙungiya da haɗin gwiwa.Wannan ra'ayi yana cikin kyakkyawar yarjejeniya tare da ka'idar ginawa, bisa ga abin da daidaikun mutane ko ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa ke ƙirƙira da raba ilimin su [29].Irin wannan hulɗar (misali, tsakanin takwarorinsu, tsakanin ɗalibai da malamai) suna shafar gamsuwar koyo [30, 31].A lokaci guda, ƙwarewar koyo na ɗalibai kuma za a yi tasiri ta hanyar abubuwa kamar dacewa koyo, muhalli, hanyoyin koyarwa, da abubuwan da ke cikin kwas [32].Bayan haka, waɗannan halayen na iya yin tasiri ga koyo na ɗalibi da ƙwarewar batutuwan da ke da sha'awar su [33, 34].Wannan na iya kasancewa yana da alaƙa da ra'ayi na ƙayyadaddun ra'ayi na ilimin halayyar ɗan adam, inda girbi na farko ko ƙirar ƙwarewar mutum, hankali, da imani na iya ƙayyade hanya ta gaba [35].An tsara tsarin aikin a hankali don gano batutuwa masu sarkakiya da jerin su ta hanyar tambayoyi da bincike, sannan binciken jigogi [36].
Ana ɗaukar samfuran Cadaver sau da yawa masu ba da shawara na shiru, kamar yadda ake ganin su a matsayin manyan kyaututtuka don fa'idar kimiyya da ɗan adam, ƙarfafa girmamawa da godiya daga ɗalibai ga masu ba da gudummawar su [37, 38].Nazarin da suka gabata sun ba da rahoton maƙasudi iri ɗaya ko mafi girma tsakanin ƙungiyar cadaver / plastination da ƙungiyar 3DP [21, 39], amma ba a sani ba ko ɗalibai suna da ƙwarewar koyo iri ɗaya, gami da dabi'un ɗan adam, tsakanin ƙungiyoyin biyu.Don ƙarin bincike, wannan binciken yana amfani da ka'idar pragmatism [36] don bincika ƙwarewar ilmantarwa da halaye na samfuran 3DP (launi da rubutu) kuma kwatanta su tare da samfuran plastined bisa ga ra'ayoyin ɗalibai.
Halayen ɗalibi na iya yin tasiri ga shawarar malamai game da zabar kayan aikin jiki masu dacewa bisa abin da ke da kuma ba shi da tasiri don koyar da ilimin jikin mutum.Wannan bayanin kuma zai iya taimaka wa malamai su gano abubuwan da ɗalibi suke so kuma su yi amfani da kayan bincike masu dacewa don haɓaka ƙwarewar koyo.
Wannan ingantaccen binciken yana nufin gano abin da ɗalibai ke ɗauka a matsayin muhimmin ƙwarewar ilmantarwa ta amfani da samfuran zuciya da wuyan filastik idan aka kwatanta da samfuran 3DP.A cewar wani bincike na farko da Mogali et al.a cikin 2018, ɗalibai sun ɗauki samfuran plastined don zama mafi haƙiƙa fiye da ƙirar 3DP [7].Don haka bari mu ɗauka:
Ganin cewa an halicci plastinations daga ainihin cadavers, ana sa ran dalibai su duba plastinations fiye da samfurin 3DP dangane da inganci da ƙimar ɗan adam.
Wannan ingantaccen binciken yana da alaƙa da nazarin ƙididdiga guda biyu na baya [21, 40] saboda bayanan da aka gabatar a cikin duka karatun guda uku an tattara su lokaci guda daga samfurin mahalarta ɗalibai.Labarin farko ya nuna irin wannan ma'auni na haƙiƙa (ƙididdigar gwaji) tsakanin plastination da ƙungiyoyin 3DP [21], kuma labarin na biyu ya yi amfani da ƙididdigar ƙididdiga don haɓaka kayan aikin da aka tabbatar da hankali (abubuwa huɗu, abubuwa 19) don auna ginin ilimi kamar gamsuwar ilmantarwa, ingancin kai, ƙimar ɗan adam, da iyakokin kafofin watsa labarai koyan [40].Wannan binciken ya yi nazarin tattaunawa mai kyau da buɗaɗɗiya da tattaunawa don gano abin da ɗalibai ke ɗauka da mahimmanci yayin koyon ilimin jiki ta amfani da samfuran plastin da aka buga da ƙirar 3D.Don haka, wannan binciken ya bambanta da labarin guda biyu da suka gabata dangane da manufofin bincike / tambayoyi, bayanai, da hanyoyin bincike don samun haske game da ra'ayoyin ɗalibai masu inganci ( sharhin rubutu na kyauta tare da tattaunawa na rukuni) akan amfani da kayan aikin 3DP idan aka kwatanta da samfuran filastik.Wannan yana nufin cewa binciken na yanzu yana warware wata tambaya ta bincike daban fiye da labaran biyu da suka gabata [21, 40].
A cibiyar marubucin, anatomy an haɗa shi cikin darussa na tsarin kamar su cututtukan zuciya, endocrinology, musculoskeletal, da sauransu, a cikin shekaru biyu na farkon karatun digiri na digiri na shekaru biyar da digiri na tiyata (MBBS).Samfuran da aka yi wa plastered, ƙirar filastik, hotunan likitanci, da ƙirar 3D kama-da-wane galibi ana amfani da su a madadin rarrabuwar kawuna ko jika don tallafawa aikin jiki na gaba ɗaya.Zaman nazarin rukuni ya maye gurbin laccoci na gargajiya da ake koyarwa tare da mai da hankali kan aiwatar da ilimin da aka samu.A ƙarshen kowane tsarin tsarin, ɗauki gwajin gwajin aikin jikin mutum na kan layi wanda ya haɗa da mafi kyawun amsoshi guda 20 (SBAs) waɗanda ke rufe jikin gaba ɗaya, hoto, da tarihi.Gabaɗaya, an gudanar da gwaje-gwaje na tsari guda biyar yayin gwajin (uku a cikin shekara ta farko da biyu a cikin shekara ta biyu).Haɗin cikakkiyar ƙima a rubuce don Shekaru 1 da 2 sun haɗa da takardu biyu, kowanne yana ɗauke da SBA 120.Anatomy ya zama wani ɓangare na waɗannan kima kuma tsarin tantancewar yana ƙayyade adadin tambayoyin jiki da za a haɗa.
Domin inganta rabo-dalibi-samfurin, an yi nazarin ƙirar 3DP na ciki bisa ga samfuran plastined don koyarwa da koyan jikin mutum.Wannan yana ba da dama don kafa ƙimar ilimi na sababbin nau'ikan 3DP idan aka kwatanta da samfuran plastin kafin a saka su a ƙa'ida a cikin tsarin karatun jikin mutum.
A cikin wannan binciken, an yi lissafin tomography (CT) (64-slice Somatom Definition Flash CT scanner, Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Jamus) akan nau'ikan filastik na zuciya (zuciya ɗaya ɗaya da zuciya ɗaya a ɓangaren giciye) da kai da wuya ( daya gaba daya da daya midsagittal jirgin saman kai-wuyansa) (Fig. 1).Hoto na Dijital da Sadarwa a cikin Magunguna (DICOM) an samo su kuma an ɗora su cikin 3D Slicer (versions 4.8.1 da 4.10.2, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts) don rarrabuwar tsarin ta nau'in kamar tsoka, arteries, jijiyoyi, da kasusuwa. .An ɗora fayilolin ɓangarorin cikin Materialize Magics (Shafi na 22, Materialize NV, Leuven, Belgium) don cire harsashi amo, kuma an adana samfuran buga a cikin tsarin STL, waɗanda aka tura su zuwa firintar Objet 500 Connex3 Polyjet (Stratasys, Edeni). Prairie, MN) don ƙirƙirar 3D ƙirar jikin mutum.Resins na Photopolymerizable da elastomers masu haske (VeroYellow, VeroMagenta da TangoPlus) suna taurare Layer ta Layer ƙarƙashin aikin hasken UV, yana ba kowane tsarin jikin mutum nasa rubutu da launi.
Kayan aikin nazarin halittu da aka yi amfani da su a cikin wannan binciken.Hagu: wuya;dama: plated da 3D buga zuciya.
Bugu da ƙari, an zaɓi tsarin aorta da na zuciya mai hawan hawan daga dukan tsarin zuciya, kuma an gina gine-ginen tushe don haɗawa da samfurin (version 22, Materialize NV, Leuven, Belgium).An buga samfurin akan firintar Raise3D Pro2 (Raise3D Technologies, Irvine, CA) ta amfani da filament na thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU).Don nuna jijiyoyi na samfurin, dole ne a cire kayan tallafi na TPU da aka buga kuma an fentin tasoshin jini da jan acrylic.
Daliban digiri na farko na likitanci a Makarantar Magunguna ta Lee Kong Chiang a cikin shekarar ilimi ta 2020-2021 (n = 163, maza 94 da mata 69) sun sami gayyatar imel don shiga cikin wannan binciken a matsayin aikin sa kai.An yi gwajin ƙetare bazuwar a cikin matakai biyu, na farko tare da ƙaddamar da zuciya sannan kuma tare da yanke wuyansa.Akwai lokacin wankewar mako shida tsakanin matakan biyu don rage ragowar tasirin.A cikin matakan biyu, ɗalibai sun kasance makafi don koyon batutuwa da ayyukan rukuni.Babu fiye da mutane shida a cikin rukuni.Daliban da suka karɓi samfuran plastin a mataki na farko sun karɓi ƙirar 3DP a mataki na biyu.A kowane mataki, ƙungiyoyin biyu suna karɓar lacca na gabatarwa (minti 30) daga wani ɓangare na uku (babban malami) sannan kuma nazarin kai (minti 50) ta amfani da kayan aikin binciken kai da aka bayar.
Ana amfani da jerin abubuwan dubawa (COREQ) (Cikakken Ma'auni don Bayar da Rahoton Bincike) don jagorantar bincike mai inganci.
Dalibai sun ba da ra'ayi kan abubuwan koyo na bincike ta hanyar binciken da ya haɗa da buɗaɗɗen tambayoyi guda uku game da ƙarfinsu, rauninsu, da damar ci gaba.Duk masu amsawa 96 sun ba da amsoshi kyauta.Sannan masu sa kai na ɗalibai takwas (n = 8) sun shiga cikin rukunin mayar da hankali.An gudanar da tambayoyin a Cibiyar Horar da Anatomy (inda aka gudanar da gwaje-gwajen) kuma mai bincike 4 (Ph.D.) ne ya gudanar da shi, wani mai koyar da ilimin halittar jiki ba tare da fiye da shekaru 10 na ƙwarewar gudanarwa na TBL ba, amma bai shiga cikin tawagar binciken ba. horo.Daliban ba su san halayen masu binciken ba (ko ƙungiyar bincike) kafin fara binciken, amma takardar yarda ta sanar da su dalilin binciken.Mai bincike 4 da ɗalibai ne kawai suka shiga cikin rukunin mayar da hankali.Mai binciken ya bayyana rukunin mayar da hankali ga ɗaliban kuma ya tambaye su ko za su so shiga.Sun raba gwaninta na koyan bugu na 3D da plastination kuma suna da sha'awar gaske.Malamin ya yi manyan tambayoyi guda shida don ƙarfafa ɗalibai su yi aiki ta hanyar (Kari na 1).Misalai sun haɗa da tattaunawa game da ɓangarori na kayan aikin ɗan adam waɗanda ke haɓaka koyo da koyo, da kuma rawar tausayi a cikin aiki tare da irin waɗannan samfuran."Yaya za ku kwatanta kwarewarku na nazarin ilimin jikin mutum ta amfani da samfuran plastined da kwafin 3D da aka buga?"ita ce tambayar farko ta hirar.Duk tambayoyin suna buɗewa, ba da damar masu amfani su amsa tambayoyin kyauta ba tare da ɓarna ba, ba da damar gano sabbin bayanai da ƙalubalen da za a shawo kan su tare da kayan aikin koyo.Mahalarta ba su sami rikodin sharhi ko nazarin sakamakon ba.Halin son rai na binciken ya guje wa jikewar bayanai.An yi nadi gaba ɗaya tattaunawar don nazari.
Rikodin rukunin mayar da hankali (minti 35) an rubuta su da baki da kuma ɓarna (an yi amfani da sunaye).Bugu da ƙari, an tattara tambayoyin tambayoyin buɗe ido.An shigo da bayanan ƙungiyar mai da hankali da tambayoyin bincike cikin ma'auni na Microsoft Excel (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA) don daidaita bayanai da tara bayanai don bincika kwatankwacin sakamako ko daidaito ko sabon sakamako [41].Ana yin haka ta hanyar nazarin jigo na ka'idar [41, 42].Ana ƙara amsoshin rubutun kowane ɗalibi zuwa jimlar adadin amsoshin.Wannan yana nufin cewa maganganun da ke ɗauke da jimloli da yawa za a ɗauke su azaman ɗaya.Amsoshi tare da nil, babu ko babu alamar sharhi da za a yi watsi da su.Masu bincike uku (mace mai bincike tare da Ph.D., mace mai bincike tare da digiri na biyu, da mataimakan namiji tare da digiri na farko a aikin injiniya da shekaru 1-3 na ƙwarewar bincike a ilimin likitanci) ba tare da izini ba bayanan da ba a tsara su ba.Masu shirye-shirye guda uku suna amfani da pad ɗin zane na ainihi don rarraba bayanan bayansa bisa kamanceceniya da bambance-bambance.An gudanar da zama da yawa don yin oda da lambobin rukuni ta hanyar tsari na tsari da ƙididdige ƙima, inda aka haɗa lambobin don gano batutuwan ƙayyadaddun bayanai (takamaimai ko halaye na gabaɗaya kamar halaye masu kyau da mara kyau na kayan aikin ilmantarwa) waɗanda suka samar da jigogi masu yawa [41].Don cimma yarjejeniya, wani mai bincike na maza na 6 (Ph.D.) tare da shekaru 15 na gogewa a cikin koyar da ilimin jiki ya amince da batutuwa na ƙarshe.
Dangane da sanarwar Helsinki, Hukumar Binciken Cibiyoyin Jami'ar Fasaha ta Nanyang (IRB) (2019-09-024) ta kimanta ka'idar binciken kuma ta sami amincewar da suka dace.Mahalarta sun ba da sanarwar izini kuma an sanar da su hakkinsu na janyewa daga shiga a kowane lokaci.
Ɗaliban likitanci na farko na shekara ta casa'in da shida sun ba da cikakkiyar izini, ƙididdiga na asali kamar jinsi da shekaru, kuma ba su bayyana wani horo na yau da kullun a jikin mutum ba.Mataki na I (zuciya) da Mataki na II (ragawar wuyansa) sun haɗa da mahalarta 63 (maza 33 da mata 30) da kuma mahalarta 33 (maza 18 da mata 15), bi da bi.Shekarunsu sun kasance daga 18 zuwa 21 shekaru (ma'anar ± daidaitattun daidaituwa: 19.3 ± 0.9) shekaru.Duk ɗalibai 96 sun amsa tambayoyin (babu waɗanda aka yi watsi da su), kuma ɗalibai 8 sun shiga cikin ƙungiyoyin mayar da hankali.Akwai buɗaɗɗen tsokaci 278 game da ribobi, fursunoni, da buƙatun ingantawa.Babu rashin daidaituwa tsakanin bayanan da aka bincika da rahoton binciken.
A cikin tattaunawar rukunin da aka mayar da hankali da martani, jigogi huɗu sun fito: ƙwaƙƙwaran sahihanci, fahimtar asali da sarƙaƙƙiya, halayen mutuntawa da kulawa, yanayi da yawa, da jagoranci (Hoto na 2).An kwatanta kowane batu dalla-dalla a ƙasa.
Jigogi huɗu-wanda aka gane sahihanci, fahimtar asali da sarƙaƙƙiya, girmamawa da kulawa, da fifiko don koyan kafofin watsa labarai- sun dogara ne akan nazarin jigo na tambayoyin bincike na buɗe ido da tattaunawa ta rukuni.Abubuwan da ke cikin akwatunan shuɗi da rawaya suna wakiltar kaddarorin samfurin plated da samfurin 3DP, bi da bi.3DP = 3D bugu
Daliban sun ji cewa samfuran plastin ɗin sun fi dacewa, suna da launuka na halitta mafi wakilci na ainihin cadavers, kuma suna da cikakkun bayanai na jiki fiye da ƙirar 3DP.Misali, daidaitawar fiber tsoka ya fi fice a cikin samfuran filastik idan aka kwatanta da samfuran 3DP.Ana nuna wannan bambanci a cikin bayanin da ke ƙasa.
"cikakkiyar cikakkun bayanai kuma daidai, kamar daga mutum na gaske (mahalarcin C17; nazarin plastination na kyauta)."
Daliban sun lura cewa kayan aikin 3DP suna da amfani don koyan asali na asali da kuma tantance manyan sifofi na macroscopic, yayin da samfuran filastik sun kasance masu dacewa don ƙara haɓaka iliminsu da fahimtar hadaddun tsarin jiki da yankuna.Daliban sun ji cewa ko da yake duka kayan aikin sun kasance ainihin kwafin juna, sun rasa bayanai masu mahimmanci lokacin aiki tare da samfuran 3DP idan aka kwatanta da samfuran plastined.An bayyana wannan a cikin bayanin da ke ƙasa.
"... akwai wasu matsaloli kamar ... ƙananan bayanai kamar fossa ovale ... gaba ɗaya za a iya amfani da samfurin 3D na zuciya ... don wuyansa, watakila zan yi nazarin samfurin plastination da tabbaci (mahalarci PA1; 3DP, tattaunawa ta rukuni"). .
Za a iya ganin manyan sifofi… daki-daki, samfuran 3DP suna da amfani don yin nazari, alal misali, sifofi (da) mafi girma, abubuwa masu sauƙin ganewa kamar tsokoki da gabobin… Mahalarta PA3; 3DP, tattaunawa ta rukuni)".
Daliban sun nuna matukar girmamawa da damuwa ga samfuran plastined, amma kuma sun damu da lalata tsarin saboda rashin ƙarfi da rashin sassauci.Akasin haka, ɗalibai sun ƙara ƙwarewar aikin su ta hanyar gane cewa ana iya sake haifar da samfuran 3DP idan sun lalace.
"Muna kuma yin taka tsantsan tare da tsarin plastination (mahalarcin PA2; plastination, tattaunawa ta rukuni)".
“...don samfuran plastination, kamar…wani abu ne da aka daɗe ana adana shi.Idan na lalata shi… Ina tsammanin mun san yana kama da mafi munin lalacewa saboda yana da tarihin (mahalarta PA3; plastination, tattaunawa ta rukuni)."
"Za a iya samar da samfuran 3D da aka buga cikin sauri da sauƙi… yin samfuran 3D damar samun dama ga mutane da yawa da sauƙaƙe ilmantarwa ba tare da raba samfuran (mai ba da gudummawar I38; 3DP, bitar rubutu na kyauta ba)."
"... tare da samfuran 3D za mu iya yin wasa kaɗan ba tare da damuwa da yawa game da lalata su ba, kamar lalata samfuran…
A cewar ɗaliban, adadin samfuran plastin ɗin yana da iyaka, kuma samun damar yin amfani da sifofi mai zurfi yana da wahala saboda tsaurinsu.Don ƙirar 3DP, suna fatan ƙara inganta cikakkun bayanai na jikin mutum ta hanyar daidaita ƙirar zuwa wuraren da ake sha'awar koyo na keɓaɓɓen.Dalibai sun yarda cewa duka nau'ikan filastik da 3DP za a iya amfani da su tare da sauran nau'ikan kayan aikin koyarwa kamar Teburin Anatomage don haɓaka koyo.
"Wasu zurfin ciki na ciki ba su da kyau a iya gani (mahalarci C14; plastination, sharhi na kyauta)."
"Wataƙila allunan autopsy da sauran hanyoyin zasu zama ƙari mai amfani sosai (memba C14; plastination, free text review)."
"Ta hanyar tabbatar da samfuran 3D suna da cikakkun bayanai, zaku iya samun samfuran daban waɗanda ke mai da hankali kan yankuna daban-daban da fannoni daban-daban, kamar jijiyoyi da tasoshin jini (mahalarci I26; 3DP, nazarin rubutu na kyauta)."
Har ila yau, ɗalibai sun ba da shawarar haɗawa da nuni ga malami don bayyana yadda za a yi amfani da samfurin yadda ya kamata, ko ƙarin jagora game da hotunan samfurin da aka rubuta don sauƙaƙe nazari da fahimta a cikin bayanan lacca, ko da yake sun yarda cewa an tsara binciken ne musamman don nazarin kansa.
"Na yaba da salon bincike mai zaman kansa…watakila za a iya ba da ƙarin jagora ta hanyar zane-zane da aka buga ko wasu bayanan kula…(mahalarci C02; sharhin rubutu kyauta gabaɗaya)."
Kwararrun abun ciki ko samun ƙarin kayan aikin gani kamar rayarwa ko bidiyo na iya taimaka mana da fahimtar tsarin ƙirar 3D (memba C38; duban rubutu na kyauta gabaɗaya)."
An tambayi ɗaliban likitanci na shekara ta farko game da ƙwarewar koyo da ingancin 3D da aka buga da samfuran filastik.Kamar yadda aka zata, ɗaliban sun sami samfuran filastik don zama mafi inganci kuma daidai fiye da waɗanda aka buga na 3D.An tabbatar da waɗannan sakamakon ta binciken farko [7].Tunda gawarwakin da aka ba da gudummawar bayanan an yi su, ingantattu ne.Ko da yake 1: 1 kwafi ne na samfurin plastin wanda ke da halaye iri ɗaya [8], ƙirar 3D da aka buga ta polymer ba ta da kyau kuma ba ta da tabbas, musamman a cikin ɗaliban da cikakkun bayanai kamar gefuna na fossa na oval. ba a bayyane a cikin samfurin 3DP na zuciya idan aka kwatanta da samfurin plastinated.Wannan na iya zama saboda ingancin hoton CT, wanda baya ba da izinin bayyana iyakoki.Sabili da haka, yana da wahala a rarraba irin waɗannan tsarin a cikin software na rarrabawa, wanda ke shafar tsarin bugu na 3D.Wannan zai iya haifar da shakku game da amfani da kayan aikin 3DP yayin da suke tsoron cewa za a rasa mahimmancin ilimin idan ba a yi amfani da kayan aiki na yau da kullum irin su samfurori na filastik ba.Daliban da ke sha'awar horon tiyata na iya ganin ya zama dole su yi amfani da samfura masu amfani [43].Sakamakon yanzu yana kama da binciken da ya gabata wanda ya gano cewa samfuran filastik [44] da samfuran 3DP ba su da daidaiton samfuran gaske [45].
Don haɓaka damar ɗalibi don haka gamsuwar ɗalibi, dole ne kuma a yi la'akari da tsada da wadatar kayan aikin.Sakamakon yana goyan bayan amfani da samfuran 3DP don samun ilimin halittar jiki saboda ƙirƙira mai tsadar farashi [6, 21].Wannan ya yi daidai da binciken da ya gabata wanda ya nuna kwatankwacin aikin haƙiƙa na samfuran filastik da samfuran 3DP [21].Dalibai sun ji cewa ƙirar 3DP sun fi amfani don nazarin mahimman ra'ayoyin jiki, gabobin jiki, da fasali, yayin da samfuran plastined sun fi dacewa da nazarin hadaddun jikin mutum.Bugu da kari, ɗalibai sun ba da shawarar yin amfani da ƙirar 3DP tare da samfuran cadaver da ke akwai da fasahar zamani don haɓaka fahimtar ɗalibai game da ilimin halittar jiki.Hanyoyi da yawa don wakiltar abu ɗaya, kamar yin taswirar jikin zuciya ta amfani da cadavers, 3D bugu, sikanin haƙuri, da ƙirar 3D kama-da-wane.Wannan nau'i mai nau'i-nau'i yana ba wa ɗalibai damar kwatanta jikin mutum ta hanyoyi daban-daban, sadar da abin da suka koya ta hanyoyi daban-daban, da kuma jawo dalibai ta hanyoyi daban-daban [44].Bincike ya nuna cewa ingantattun kayan ilmantarwa irin su kayan aikin cadaver na iya zama ƙalubale ga wasu ɗalibai dangane da nauyin fahimi da ke da alaƙa da ilimin halittar jiki [46].Fahimtar tasirin fahimi akan koyo na ɗalibi da amfani da fasahohi don rage nauyin fahimi don ƙirƙirar ingantaccen yanayin koyo yana da mahimmanci [47, 48].Kafin gabatar da ɗalibai zuwa kayan cadaveric, ƙirar 3DP na iya zama hanya mai amfani don nuna asali da mahimman abubuwan da ke jikin jikin mutum don rage nauyin fahimi da haɓaka koyo.Bugu da ƙari, ɗalibai za su iya ɗaukar samfuran 3DP gida don bita tare da littattafan rubutu da kayan lacca da faɗaɗa nazarin ilimin jikin mutum fiye da lab [45].Duk da haka, har yanzu ba a aiwatar da al'adar cire abubuwan 3DP a cikin cibiyar marubucin ba.
A cikin wannan binciken, samfuran plastined sun fi girmamawa fiye da kwafin 3DP.Wannan ƙarshe ya yi daidai da binciken da ya gabata wanda ke nuna cewa samfuran cadaveric a matsayin "mai haƙuri na farko" umarnin mutuntawa da tausayawa, yayin da samfuran wucin gadi ba sa [49].Haƙiƙanin plastinated nama na ɗan adam yana da kusanci da gaske.Amfani da kayan cadaveric yana bawa ɗalibai damar haɓaka manufofin ɗan adam da ɗabi'a [50].Bugu da ƙari, fahimtar ɗalibai game da tsarin plastination na iya shafar ilimin da suke da shi na shirye-shiryen ba da gudummawar cadaver da/ko tsarin plastination.Plastination yana ba da gudummawar cadavers wanda ke kwaikwayon tausayi, sha'awa da godiya da ɗalibai ke ji ga masu ba da gudummawar [10, 51].Waɗannan halayen sun bambanta ma'aikatan jinya na ɗan adam kuma, idan an haɓaka su, na iya taimaka musu ci gaba da ƙwarewa ta hanyar godiya da tausayawa marasa lafiya [25, 37].Wannan yana kwatankwacin masu koyarwa na shiru ta amfani da jikakken ɓatawar ɗan adam [37,52,53].Tun da an ba da samfuran filasta daga cadaver, ɗalibai suna kallon su a matsayin masu koyarwa na shiru, wanda ya sami daraja ga wannan sabon kayan aikin koyarwa.Duk da cewa sun san cewa injina ne ke yin samfurin 3DP, har yanzu suna jin daɗin amfani da su.Kowane rukuni yana jin ana kulawa kuma ana kula da samfurin da kulawa don kiyaye mutuncinsa.Dalibai ƙila sun riga sun san cewa an ƙirƙiri ƙirar 3DP daga bayanan haƙuri don dalilai na ilimi.A cibiyar marubucin, kafin dalibai su fara nazarin ilimin halittar jiki, an ba da wani kwas na farko kan tarihin jikin mutum, daga nan ne daliban suka yi rantsuwa.Babban manufar rantsuwar ita ce cusa wa ɗalibai fahimtar halayen ɗan adam, mutunta kayan aikin jiki, da ƙwarewa.Haɗin kayan aikin jiki da ƙaddamarwa na iya taimakawa wajen haifar da kulawa, girmamawa, da kuma ƙila tunatar da ɗalibai nauyin da ke kan su na gaba ga marasa lafiya [54].
Dangane da ingantawa nan gaba a kayan aikin ilmantarwa, ɗalibai daga duka rukunin plastination da ƙungiyoyin 3DP sun haɗa da tsoron lalata tsarin cikin sa hannu da koyo.Duk da haka, an nuna damuwa game da rushewar tsarin na'urorin da aka ɗora a lokacin tattaunawar rukuni.An tabbatar da wannan lura ta hanyar binciken da ya gabata akan samfuran filastik [9, 10].Gyaran tsari, musamman nau'ikan wuyansa, suna da mahimmanci don bincika zurfafan tsari da fahimtar alaƙar sararin samaniya mai girma uku.Yin amfani da tactile (tactile) da bayanan gani yana taimaka wa ɗalibai su samar da cikakken cikakken hoto na tunani na sassa uku na jiki [55].Nazarin ya nuna cewa yin amfani da fasaha na abubuwa na jiki zai iya rage nauyin fahimta da kuma haifar da kyakkyawar fahimta da riƙe bayanai [55].An ba da shawarar cewa haɓaka ƙirar 3DP tare da samfuran filastik na iya inganta hulɗar ɗalibai tare da samfuran ba tare da tsoron lalata tsarin ba.
Lokacin aikawa: Yuli-21-2023