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Wannan binciken ya tantance bambancin yanki a cikin yanayin kwanyar ɗan adam ta amfani da samfurin daidaitawa na geometric bisa ga bayanan scan daga ƙabilu 148 a faɗin duniya. Wannan hanyar tana amfani da fasahar daidaita samfura don samar da raga mai kama da juna ta hanyar yin canje-canje marasa tsauri ta amfani da tsarin ma'auni mafi kusa. Ta hanyar amfani da babban nazarin sassan ga samfuran homologue 342 da aka zaɓa, an sami babban canji a girman gabaɗaya kuma an tabbatar da shi a sarari ga ƙaramin kwanyar daga Kudancin Asiya. Bambanci na biyu mafi girma shine rabon tsayi zuwa faɗi na neurocranium, yana nuna bambanci tsakanin kwanyar 'yan Afirka masu tsayi da kwanyar 'yan Arewa maso Gabashin Asiya. Yana da kyau a lura cewa wannan sinadari ba shi da alaƙa da siffar fuska. An sake tabbatar da fasalulluka na fuska kamar kunci masu fitowa a Arewa maso Gabashin Asiya da ƙasusuwan maxillary a Turai. Waɗannan canje-canjen fuska suna da alaƙa da siffar kwanyar, musamman matakin karkata na ƙasusuwan gaba da na occipital. An sami samfuran allometric a cikin girman fuska dangane da girman kwanyar gabaɗaya; a cikin manyan kwanyar, yanayin fuska yakan fi tsayi da kuma kunkuntar, kamar yadda aka nuna a yawancin 'yan asalin Amurka da kuma 'yan Arewa maso Gabashin Asiya. Duk da cewa bincikenmu bai haɗa da bayanai kan canjin muhalli wanda zai iya tasiri ga yanayin kwanyar ba, kamar yanayi ko yanayin abinci, babban saitin bayanai na tsarin kwanyar da aka yi wa kama zai zama da amfani wajen neman bayanai daban-daban game da halayen kwarangwal.
An daɗe ana nazarin bambance-bambancen ƙasa a siffar kwanyar ɗan adam. Masu bincike da yawa sun tantance bambancin daidaitawar muhalli da/ko zaɓin yanayi, musamman abubuwan da suka shafi yanayi1,2,3,4,5,6,7 ko aikin masticatory dangane da yanayin abinci mai gina jiki5,8,9,10, 11,12. 13. . Bugu da ƙari, wasu bincike sun mayar da hankali kan tasirin ƙuraje, karkatarwar kwayoyin halitta, kwararar kwayoyin halitta, ko hanyoyin juyin halitta na stochastic da suka haifar da maye gurbi na kwayoyin halitta masu tsaka-tsaki14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23. Misali, an bayyana siffar zagaye na babban ramin kwanyar a matsayin daidaitawa ga matsin lamba na zaɓi bisa ga ƙa'idar Allen24, wadda ta yi hasashen cewa dabbobi masu shayarwa suna rage asarar zafi ta hanyar rage yankin saman jiki dangane da girma2,4,16,17,25. Bugu da ƙari, wasu bincike da aka yi amfani da ƙa'idar Bergmann ta 26 sun bayyana alaƙar da ke tsakanin girman kwanyar da zafin jiki3,5,16,25,27, suna nuna cewa girman gaba ɗaya yakan fi girma a yankuna masu sanyi don hana asarar zafi. An yi muhawara kan tasirin injina na damuwa na masticatory akan tsarin girma na kwanyar da ƙasusuwan fuska dangane da yanayin abinci wanda ya samo asali daga al'adun abinci ko bambance-bambancen rayuwa tsakanin manoma da masu farauta da masu tattarawa8,9,11,12,28. Babban bayanin shine cewa rage matsin lamba na taunawa yana rage taurin ƙasusuwa da tsokoki na fuska. Nazarce-nazarce da yawa na duniya sun danganta bambancin siffar kwanyar da tasirin phenotypic na nisan kwayoyin halitta maimakon daidaitawa da muhalli21,29,30,31,32. Wani bayani game da canje-canje a siffar kwanyar ya dogara ne akan ra'ayin ci gaban isometric ko allometric6,33,34,35. Misali, manyan kwakwalwa suna da faɗin lobes na gaba a yankin da ake kira "Broca's cap", kuma faɗin lobes na gaba yana ƙaruwa, wani tsari ne na juyin halitta wanda ake la'akari da shi bisa ga ci gaban allometric. Bugu da ƙari, wani bincike da ya binciki canje-canje na dogon lokaci a siffar kwanyar ya gano cewa akwai yanayin allometric zuwa brachycephaly (halayyar kwanyar ta zama mai siffar ƙwallo) tare da ƙaruwar tsayi33.
Dogon tarihi na bincike kan yanayin kwanyar ya haɗa da ƙoƙarin gano abubuwan da ke haifar da bambance-bambancen siffofi daban-daban na kwanyar. Hanyoyin gargajiya da aka yi amfani da su a cikin binciken farko da yawa sun dogara ne akan bayanan ma'aunin layi na bivariate, galibi suna amfani da ma'anar Martin ko Howell36,37. A lokaci guda, yawancin binciken da aka ambata a sama sun yi amfani da hanyoyin ci gaba waɗanda suka dogara da fasahar yanayin geometric na 3D (GM) na sararin samaniya5,7,10,11,12,13,17,20,27,34,35,38. 39. Misali, hanyar da aka fi amfani da ita a fannin zamiya, wacce ta dogara ne akan rage kuzarin lankwasawa, ita ce hanyar da aka fi amfani da ita a fannin ilmin halittar transgenic. Tana nuna alamun rabin-alamun samfurin akan kowane samfurin ta hanyar zamewa tare da lanƙwasa ko saman 38,40,41,42,43,44,45,46. Gami da irin waɗannan hanyoyin superposition, yawancin nazarin GM na 3D suna amfani da nazarin Procrustes gabaɗaya, algorithm na maimaita mafi kusa (ICP) 47 don ba da damar kwatanta siffofi kai tsaye da kama canje-canje. A madadin haka, ana amfani da hanyar spline na farantin siriri (TPS)48,49 sosai azaman hanyar canji mara tsauri don zana taswirar daidaitattun alamun ƙasa zuwa siffofi bisa raga.
Tare da haɓaka na'urorin daukar hoto na jiki mai amfani na 3D tun daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 20, bincike da yawa sun yi amfani da na'urorin daukar hoto na jiki mai amfani na 3D don auna girmansu50,51. An yi amfani da bayanan daukar hoto don cire girman jiki, wanda ke buƙatar bayyana siffofi na saman a matsayin saman maimakon girgije mai nuni. Daidaita tsari wata dabara ce da aka haɓaka don wannan dalili a fagen zane-zanen kwamfuta, inda aka bayyana siffar saman ta hanyar samfurin raga mai polygonal. Mataki na farko a daidaita tsari shine shirya samfurin raga don amfani da shi azaman samfuri. Wasu daga cikin wuraren da suka samar da tsarin alamun ƙasa ne. Sannan ana canza samfurin kuma a daidaita shi da saman don rage nisa tsakanin samfurin da gajimare mai nuni yayin da ake kiyaye siffofin siffar gida na samfurin. Alamun da ke cikin samfurin sun yi daidai da alamomin ƙasa a cikin gajimare mai nuni. Ta amfani da daidaita samfuri, duk bayanan daukar hoto za a iya bayyana su azaman samfurin raga tare da adadin wuraren bayanai iri ɗaya da yanayin ƙasa iri ɗaya. Kodayake daidaiton daidaito yana wanzu ne kawai a cikin matsayin alamun ƙasa, ana iya ɗauka cewa akwai daidaituwa gabaɗaya tsakanin samfuran da aka samar tunda canje-canje a cikin yanayin samfuran ƙanana ne. Saboda haka, samfuran grid da aka ƙirƙira ta hanyar daidaita samfura wani lokacin ana kiransu da homology models52. Fa'idar daidaita samfura ita ce ana iya canza samfurin zuwa sassa daban-daban na abin da aka nufa waɗanda ke kusa da saman amma suna nesa da shi (misali, baka na zygomatic da yankin lokaci na kwanyar) ba tare da shafar juna ba. nakasa. Ta wannan hanyar, ana iya ɗaure samfurin zuwa rassan abubuwa kamar jiki ko hannu, tare da kafada a tsaye. Rashin kyawun daidaita samfura shine mafi girman farashin lissafi na maimaita maimaitawa, duk da haka, godiya ga manyan ci gaba a aikin kwamfuta, wannan ba matsala bane. Ta hanyar nazarin ƙimar daidaitawa na kusurwar da suka samar da samfurin raga ta amfani da dabarun nazarin bambance-bambancen yawa kamar babban nazarin sassan (PCA), yana yiwuwa a bincika canje-canje a cikin siffar saman gaba ɗaya kuma ana iya karɓar siffar kama-da-wane a kowane matsayi a cikin rarrabawa. Ana iya ƙididdigewa da kuma ganin 53. A zamanin yau, samfuran raga da aka samar ta hanyar daidaita samfura ana amfani da su sosai a cikin nazarin siffofi a fannoni daban-daban52,54,55,56,57,58,59,60.
Ci gaban da aka samu a fasahar rikodin raga mai sassauƙa, tare da saurin haɓaka na'urorin duba 3D masu ɗaukuwa waɗanda ke iya yin bincike a ƙuduri mafi girma, gudu, da motsi fiye da CT, suna sauƙaƙa yin rikodin bayanan saman 3D ba tare da la'akari da wurin da ake ba. Don haka, a fannin ilimin ɗan adam na halittu, irin waɗannan sabbin fasahohi suna haɓaka ikon ƙididdigewa da nazarin samfuran ɗan adam a kididdiga, gami da samfuran kwanyar kai, wanda shine manufar wannan binciken.
A taƙaice, wannan binciken yana amfani da fasahar ƙirar homology ta 3D mai ci gaba bisa ga daidaitawar samfuri (Hoto na 1) don kimanta samfuran kwanyar guda 342 da aka zaɓa daga al'ummomi 148 a duk duniya ta hanyar kwatanta yanayin ƙasa a faɗin duniya. Bambancin yanayin kwanyar (Tebur 1). Don yin la'akari da canje-canje a cikin yanayin kwanyar, mun yi amfani da nazarin PCA da mai karɓar fasalin aiki (ROC) zuwa saitin bayanan samfurin homology da muka samar. Binciken zai ba da gudummawa ga fahimtar canje-canjen duniya a cikin yanayin kwanyar, gami da yanayin yanki da raguwar tsari na canji, canje-canje masu alaƙa tsakanin sassan kwanyar, da kasancewar yanayin allometric. Kodayake wannan binciken bai magance bayanai kan masu canji na waje da aka wakilta ta yanayi ko yanayin abinci wanda zai iya tasiri ga yanayin kwanyar ba, yanayin yanayin kwanyar da aka rubuta a cikin bincikenmu zai taimaka wajen bincika abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli, biomechanical, da kwayoyin halitta na bambancin kwanyar.
Tebur na 2 yana nuna ƙimar eigen da ma'aunin gudummawar PCA da aka yi amfani da su ga wani tsari mara daidaito na vertices 17,709 (daidaitattun XYZ 53,127) na samfuran kwanyar guda 342 masu kama da juna. Sakamakon haka, an gano manyan sassa 14, waɗanda gudummawarsu ga jimlar bambancin ta fi 1%, kuma jimlar rabon bambancin ta kasance 83.68%. An rubuta vectors na manyan sassa 14 a cikin Tebur na Ƙarin S1, kuma an gabatar da makin sassan da aka ƙididdige don samfuran kwanyar guda 342 a cikin Tebur na Ƙarin S2.
Wannan binciken ya tantance manyan sassa tara tare da gudummawar da ta fi kashi 2%, wasu daga cikinsu suna nuna babban bambanci da mahimmanci a yanayin kwanyar. Hoto na 2 ya nuna lanƙwasa da aka samar daga nazarin ROC don nuna mafi kyawun abubuwan PCA don siffanta ko raba kowane haɗin samfuran a cikin manyan sassan ƙasa (misali, tsakanin ƙasashen Afirka da waɗanda ba na Afirka ba). Ba a gwada haɗin Polynesian ba saboda ƙaramin girman samfurin da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin wannan gwajin. Bayanan da suka shafi mahimmancin bambance-bambance a cikin AUC da sauran ƙididdiga na asali da aka ƙididdige ta amfani da nazarin ROC an nuna su a cikin Tebur na Ƙarin S3.
An yi amfani da lanƙwasa na ROC ga ƙididdigar manyan sassa guda tara bisa ga bayanan vertex wanda ya ƙunshi samfuran kwanyar maza guda 342 masu kama da juna. AUC: Yankin da ke ƙarƙashin lanƙwasa a mahimmancin 0.01% da aka yi amfani da shi don bambanta kowace haɗin yanki daga sauran haɗuwa gaba ɗaya. TPF gaskiya ce mai kyau (wariya mai tasiri), FPF ƙarya ce mai kyau (wariya mara inganci).
An taƙaita fassarar lanƙwasa ta ROC a ƙasa, tana mai da hankali ne kawai kan abubuwan da za su iya bambance ƙungiyoyin kwatantawa ta hanyar samun babban ko babban AUC da babban matakin mahimmanci tare da yuwuwar ƙasa da 0.001. Tsarin Kudancin Asiya (Hoto na 2a), wanda ya ƙunshi galibin samfura daga Indiya, ya bambanta sosai da sauran samfuran da aka haɗa a cikin yanayin ƙasa saboda ɓangaren farko (PC1) yana da babban AUC (0.856) idan aka kwatanta da sauran sassan. Wani fasali na hadaddun Afirka (Hoto na 2b) shine babban AUC na PC2 (0.834). Austro-Melanesians (Hoto na 2c) ya nuna irin wannan yanayin ga 'yan Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara ta hanyar PC2 tare da babban AUC (0.759). Turawa (Hoto na 2d) sun bambanta a fili a cikin haɗin PC2 (AUC = 0.801), PC4 (AUC = 0.719) da PC6 (AUC = 0.671), samfurin Asiya ta Arewa maso Gabas (Hoto na 2e) ya bambanta sosai da PC4, tare da mafi girma 0.714, kuma bambancin da ke tsakanin PC3 yana da rauni (AUC = 0.688). An kuma gano ƙungiyoyi masu zuwa tare da ƙananan ƙimar AUC da matakan mahimmanci mafi girma: Sakamakon PC7 (AUC = 0.679), PC4 (AUC = 0.654) da PC1 (AUC = 0.649) sun nuna cewa 'Yan Asalin Amurka (Hoto na 2f) tare da takamaiman halaye da ke da alaƙa da waɗannan abubuwan, 'Yan Asiya ta Kudu maso Gabas (Hoto na 2g) sun bambanta a tsakanin PC3 (AUC = 0.660) da PC9 (AUC = 0.663), amma tsarin samfuran daga Gabas ta Tsakiya (Hoto na 2h) (gami da Arewacin Afirka) ya yi daidai. Idan aka kwatanta da wasu babu bambanci sosai.
A mataki na gaba, don fassara wurare masu alaƙa da juna a zahiri, an yi wa sassan saman da ke da ƙimar kaya mai yawa sama da 0.45 launi da bayanin daidaitawar X, Y, da Z, kamar yadda aka nuna a Hoto na 3. Yankin ja yana nuna babban alaƙa da daidaitawar axis na X, wanda ya yi daidai da alkiblar juyawa a kwance. Yankin kore yana da alaƙa sosai da daidaitawar tsaye na axis na Y, kuma yankin shuɗi mai duhu yana da alaƙa sosai da daidaitawar sagittal na axis na Z. Yankin shuɗi mai haske yana da alaƙa da axis na daidaitawar Y da axis na daidaitawar Z; yanki mai ruwan hoda - gauraye da ke da alaƙa da axis na daidaitawar X da Z; yanki mai rawaya - da ke da alaƙa da axis na daidaitawar X da Y; Yankin fari ya ƙunshi axis na daidaitawar X, Y da Z da aka nuna. Saboda haka, a wannan matakin ƙimar kaya, PC 1 galibi yana da alaƙa da dukkan saman kwanyar. Siffar kwanyar kama-da-wane ta SD a gefen wannan axis na bangaren kuma an nuna shi a cikin wannan hoton, kuma an gabatar da hotunan da aka karkace a cikin Bidiyon Ƙarin S1 don tabbatar da gani cewa PC1 ya ƙunshi abubuwan da ke da girman kwanyar gabaɗaya.
Rarraba yawan maki na PC1 (launi na dacewa na yau da kullun), taswirar launi na saman kwanyar yana da alaƙa sosai da kusurwar PC1 (bayanin launuka dangane da Girman ɓangarorin da ke gaba da juna na wannan axis shine 3 SD. Sikelin shine ƙwallo kore mai diamita na 50 mm.
Hoto na 3 ya nuna taswirar rarraba mita (layin daidaitawa na yau da kullun) na maki PC1 na mutum ɗaya da aka ƙididdige daban-daban don raka'o'i 9 na ƙasa. Baya ga kimanta lanƙwasa na ROC (Hoto na 2), kiyasin 'yan Kudancin Asiya sun karkace zuwa wani ɓangare na hagu saboda kwanyarsu ta fi ƙanƙanta fiye da na sauran ƙungiyoyin yanki. Kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Jadawali na 1, waɗannan 'yan Kudancin Asiya suna wakiltar ƙabilu a Indiya, gami da Tsibirin Andaman da Nicobar, Sri Lanka da Bangladesh.
An gano ma'aunin girma a kan PC1. Gano yankuna masu alaƙa da siffofi na kama-da-wane ya haifar da fayyace abubuwan da suka shafi siffofi ga wasu sassan banda PC1; duk da haka, ba koyaushe ake kawar da abubuwan girma gaba ɗaya ba. Kamar yadda aka nuna ta hanyar kwatanta lanƙwasa na ROC (Hoto na 2), PC2 da PC4 sune suka fi bambanta, sai kuma PC6 da PC7. PC3 da PC9 suna da tasiri sosai wajen raba yawan samfurin zuwa sassan ƙasa. Don haka, waɗannan nau'ikan axes na kayan haɗin suna nuna zane-zanen warwatse na maki na PC da saman launi waɗanda suka yi daidai da kowane sashi, da kuma nakasar siffar kama-da-wane tare da girman ɓangarorin da suka gabace su na 3 SD (Hoto na 4, 5, 6). Rufin ƙulli mai lanƙwasa na samfuran daga kowane ɓangaren yanki da aka wakilta a cikin waɗannan zane-zane kusan 90% ne, kodayake akwai ɗan matakin haɗuwa a cikin ƙungiyoyi. Tebur na 3 yana ba da bayani game da kowane ɓangaren PCA.
Tsarin rarraba maki na PC2 da PC4 ga mutanen da ke da kwakwalwa daga sassa tara na ƙasa (sama) da sassa huɗu na ƙasa (ƙasa), zane-zanen launin saman kwanyar na wurare masu alaƙa sosai da kowane PC (idan aka kwatanta da X, Y, Z). Bayanin launi na gatari: duba rubutu), kuma nakasar siffar kama-da-wane a ɓangarorin da ke gaba da waɗannan gatari shine 3 SD. Sikelin shine ƙwallo kore mai diamita na mm 50.
Tsarin rarraba maki na PC6 da PC7 ga mutanen da ke da kwakwalwa daga raka'o'i tara na ƙasa (sama) da raka'o'i biyu na ƙasa (ƙasa), zane-zanen launi na saman kwanya don wurare masu alaƙa da kowane PC (dangane da X, Y, Z). Bayanin launi na gatari: duba rubutu), kuma nakasar siffar kama-da-wane a ɓangarorin biyu na waɗannan gatari shine 3 SD. Sikelin shine ƙwallo kore mai diamita na mm 50.
Tsarin maki na PC3 da PC9 ga mutanen da ke da kwanyar kwakwalwa daga sassa tara na ƙasa (sama) da sassa uku na ƙasa (ƙasa), da kuma zane-zanen launi na saman kwanyar (idan aka kwatanta da gatari X, Y, Z) na wurare masu alaƙa sosai da kowace fassarar launi ta PC: rubutu cm .), da kuma nakasar siffar kama-da-wane a ɓangarorin biyu na waɗannan gatari tare da girman 3 SD. Sikelin shine ƙwallo kore mai diamita na mm 50.
A cikin jadawalin da ke nuna maki na PC2 da PC4 (Hoto na 4, Bidiyon Ƙarin S2, S3 da ke nuna hotuna masu nakasa), ana kuma nuna taswirar launin saman lokacin da aka saita ƙimar kaya sama da 0.4, wanda ya yi ƙasa da na PC1 saboda ƙimar PC2 jimillar nauyin ya yi ƙasa da na PC1.
Tsawaitawar lobes na gaba da na occipital a cikin alkiblar sagittal tare da axis na Z (shuɗi mai duhu) da kuma parietal lobe a cikin alkiblar coronal (ja) akan ruwan hoda), axis na Y na occiput (kore) da kuma axis na Z na goshi (shuɗi mai duhu). Wannan jadawali yana nuna maki ga dukkan mutane a duniya; duk da haka, lokacin da aka nuna duk samfuran da suka ƙunshi adadi mai yawa na ƙungiyoyi tare a lokaci guda, fassarar yanayin warwatsewa yana da wahala saboda yawan haɗuwa; saboda haka, daga manyan raka'o'i huɗu kawai (misali, Afirka, Australasia-Melanesia, Turai, da Arewa maso Gabashin Asiya), samfuran suna warwatse a ƙarƙashin jadawalin tare da nakasar kwanyar kama-da-wane ta SD 3 a cikin wannan kewayon maki na PC. A cikin hoton, PC2 da PC4 nau'i biyu ne na maki. 'Yan Afirka da Austro-Melanesian sun fi haɗuwa kuma an rarraba su zuwa gefen dama, yayin da Turawa suka warwatse zuwa hagu na sama kuma 'yan Asiya na Arewa maso Gabas suna haɗuwa zuwa ƙasan hagu. A kwance na PC2 ya nuna cewa Melanesian 'yan Afirka/Australia suna da tsawon neurocranium fiye da sauran mutane. PC4, wanda haɗin Turai da arewa maso gabashin Asiya suka rabu cikin sauƙi, yana da alaƙa da girman da kuma hasashen ƙasusuwan zygomatic da kuma lateral contour na calvarium. Tsarin maki ya nuna cewa Turawa suna da ƙasusuwan maxillary da zygomatic masu kunkuntar, ƙaramin sarari na lokaci-lokaci wanda aka iyakance shi da baka na zygomatic, ƙashi na gaba mai tsayi a tsaye da ƙashi mai faɗi, mai faɗi, mai ƙananan occipital, yayin da 'yan Asiya ta Arewa maso Gabas suna da ƙasusuwan zygomatic masu faɗi da fitattun. Lobe na gaba yana karkata, tushen ƙashin occipital yana ɗagawa.
Lokacin da aka mai da hankali kan PC6 da PC7 (Hoto na 5) (Bidiyon Ƙarin S4, S5 da ke nuna hotunan da suka lalace), zanen launi yana nuna ƙimar kaya fiye da 0.3, yana nuna cewa PC6 yana da alaƙa da yanayin maxillary ko alveolar (ja: X axis da kore). Axis Y), siffar ƙashi na lokaci (shuɗi: Y da Z axis) da siffar ƙashi na occipital (ruwan hoda: X axis)). Baya ga faɗin goshi (ja: X-axis), PC7 kuma yana da alaƙa da tsayin alveoli na gaba (kore: Y-axis) da siffar kan Z a kusa da yankin parietotemporal (shuɗi mai duhu). A cikin saman allon Hoto na 5, duk samfuran ƙasa an rarraba su bisa ga ma'aunin PC6 da PC7. Saboda ROC yana nuna cewa PC6 ya ƙunshi fasaloli na musamman ga Turai kuma PC7 yana wakiltar fasalulluka na 'Yan Asalin Amurka a cikin wannan binciken, an zaɓi waɗannan samfuran yanki guda biyu akan wannan gatari biyu na kayan. 'Yan Asalin Amurka, kodayake an haɗa su sosai a cikin samfurin, an warwatse a kusurwar hagu ta sama; akasin haka, samfuran Turai da yawa suna kasancewa a kusurwar dama ta ƙasa. PC6 da PC7 guda biyu suna wakiltar tsarin alveolar mai kunkuntar da kuma faɗin neurocranium na Turawa, yayin da Amurkawa ke da siffa ta kunkuntar goshi, babban maxilla, da kuma tsarin alveolar mai faɗi da tsayi.
Binciken ROC ya nuna cewa PC3 da/ko PC9 sun zama ruwan dare a cikin al'ummar kudu maso gabas da arewa maso gabashin Asiya. Saboda haka, maki ya haɗa PC3 (fuskar kore ta sama akan axis y) da PC9 (fuskar kore ta ƙasa akan axis y) (Hoto na 6; Bidiyon Ƙarin S6, S7 suna ba da hotuna masu siffar morphed) suna nuna bambancin 'yan Asiya ta Gabas. , wanda ya bambanta sosai da girman fuska na 'yan Asiya ta Arewa maso Gabas da ƙarancin siffar fuska na 'yan Asiya ta Kudu maso Gabas. Bayan waɗannan siffofin fuska, wani halayyar wasu 'yan Asiya ta Arewa maso Gabas ita ce karkacewar lambda na ƙashin occipital, yayin da wasu 'yan Asiya ta Kudu maso Gabas suna da kunkuntar tushe na kwanyar.
An cire bayanin da ke sama game da manyan abubuwan da aka haɗa da bayanin PC5 da PC8 saboda babu takamaiman halaye na yanki da aka samu a tsakanin manyan sassan ƙasa guda tara. PC5 yana nufin girman tsarin mastoid na ƙashin lokaci, kuma PC8 yana nuna rashin daidaituwar siffar ƙoƙon kai gabaɗaya, duka suna nuna bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin haɗar samfuran ƙasa guda tara.
Baya ga zane-zanen zane-zanen maki na matakin PCA na mutum ɗaya, muna kuma samar da zane-zanen zane-zanen rukuni don kwatantawa gabaɗaya. Don wannan dalili, an ƙirƙiri matsakaicin samfurin kamanceceniya na kwakwalwa daga saitin bayanai na vertex na samfuran kamanceceniya na mutum ɗaya daga ƙungiyoyi 148. An nuna zane-zanen zane-zanen zane-zanen PC2 da PC4, PC6 da PC7, da PC3 da PC9 a cikin Ƙarin Hoto na S1, duk an ƙididdige su azaman matsakaicin samfurin kwanyar don samfurin mutane 148. Ta wannan hanyar, zane-zanen zane-zanen suna ɓoye bambance-bambancen mutum ɗaya a cikin kowane rukuni, suna ba da damar fassara kamanceceniya na kwanyar saboda rarrabuwar yanki, inda alamu suka dace da waɗanda aka nuna a cikin zane-zanen mutum ɗaya ba tare da haɗuwa ba. Ƙarin Hoto na S2 yana nuna matsakaicin samfurin gabaɗaya don kowane yanki na yanki.
Baya ga PC1, wanda aka danganta da girman gaba ɗaya (Teburin Ƙarin S2), an duba alaƙar alloometric tsakanin girman gaba ɗaya da siffar kwanyar ta amfani da girman centroid da saitin kimantawar PCA daga bayanan da ba a daidaita su ba. An nuna ma'aunin allometric, ƙimar da ke ci gaba, ƙimar t, da ƙimar P a cikin gwajin mahimmanci a cikin Jadawali na 4. Ba a sami wani muhimmin ɓangaren tsarin alloometric da ke da alaƙa da girman kwanyar gaba ɗaya ba a cikin kowane yanayin kwanyar a matakin P < 0.05.
Saboda wasu abubuwan girma na iya kasancewa a cikin kimantawar PC bisa ga saitunan bayanai marasa daidaituwa, mun ƙara bincika yanayin alloometric tsakanin girman centroid da maki PC da aka ƙididdige ta amfani da saitunan bayanai da aka daidaita ta girman centroid (sakamakon PCA da saitin maki an gabatar da su a cikin Teburin Ƙarin S6). , C7). Tebur na 4 yana nuna sakamakon nazarin allometric. Don haka, an sami manyan yanayin alloometric a matakin 1% a cikin PC6 da kuma a matakin 5% a cikin PC10. Hoto na 7 yana nuna gangaren komawa baya na waɗannan alaƙar layi tsakanin maki PC da girman centroid tare da dummies (±3 SD) a kowane ƙarshen girman centroid. Makin PC6 shine rabon tsayi da faɗin dangi na kwanyar. Yayin da girman kwanyar ke ƙaruwa, kwanyar da fuska suna ƙaruwa, kuma goshin, ido da hanci suna zama mafi girma a gefe. Tsarin watsawar samfurin yana nuna cewa wannan rabo yawanci ana samunsa a cikin Asiya ta Arewa maso Gabas da 'Yan asalin Amurka. Bugu da ƙari, PC10 yana nuna yanayin rage daidaito a faɗin tsakiya ba tare da la'akari da yankin ƙasa ba.
Ga muhimman alaƙar allometric da aka jera a cikin teburin, gangaren komawar layin log-linear tsakanin rabon PC na ɓangaren siffar (wanda aka samo daga bayanan da aka daidaita) da girman centroid, nakasar siffar kama-da-wane tana da girman 3 SD a gefen layin 4.
An nuna tsarin canje-canjen da ke tafe a cikin yanayin kwanyar ta hanyar nazarin bayanai na samfuran saman 3D masu kama da juna. Sashe na farko na PCA yana da alaƙa da girman kwanyar gabaɗaya. An daɗe ana tunanin cewa ƙananan kwanyar 'yan Kudancin Asiya, gami da samfuran daga Indiya, Sri Lanka da Tsibirin Andaman, Bangladesh, sun kasance saboda ƙaramin girman jikinsu, daidai da ƙa'idar yanayin muhalli ko ƙa'idar tsibiri ta Bergmann 613,5,16,25,27,62. Na farko yana da alaƙa da zafin jiki, na biyu kuma ya dogara da sararin da ake da shi da albarkatun abinci na yankin muhalli. Daga cikin abubuwan da ke cikin siffa, babban canji shine rabon tsayi da faɗin sararin kwanyar. Wannan fasalin, wanda aka sanya wa PC2, ya bayyana alaƙar kusanci tsakanin kwanyar Austro-Melanesians da 'yan Afirka masu tsayi, da kuma bambance-bambance daga kwanyar mai siffar ƙwallo ta wasu Turawa da 'yan Arewa maso Gabashin Asiya. An ruwaito waɗannan halaye a cikin bincike da yawa da suka gabata bisa ga ma'aunin layi mai sauƙi37,63,64. Bugu da ƙari, wannan siffa tana da alaƙa da brachycephaly a cikin waɗanda ba 'yan Afirka ba, wanda aka daɗe ana tattaunawa a cikin nazarin ɗan adam da osteometric. Babban hasashen da ke bayan wannan bayanin shine cewa rage yawan mastication, kamar rage tsokar temporalis, yana rage matsin lamba akan fatar kai ta waje5,8,9,10,11,12,13. Wani hasashe ya ƙunshi daidaitawa da yanayin sanyi ta hanyar rage yankin saman kai, yana nuna cewa kwanyar da ta fi zagaye tana rage yankin saman fiye da siffar ƙwallo, bisa ga ƙa'idodin Allen16,17,25. Dangane da sakamakon binciken da ake yi yanzu, waɗannan hasashe za a iya tantance su ne kawai bisa ga haɗin gwiwar sassan ƙwallo. A taƙaice, sakamakon PCA ɗinmu bai goyi bayan hasashen cewa rabon faɗin ƙwallo yana da tasiri sosai ta yanayin taunawa, kamar yadda nauyin PC2 (mai tsawo/brachycephalic component) bai da alaƙa da girman fuska (gami da girman maxillary na dangi). da kuma sararin ɗan lokaci na fossa na temporalis (yana nuna girman tsokar temporalis). Bincikenmu na yanzu bai yi nazarin alaƙar da ke tsakanin siffar kwanyar da yanayin muhalli kamar yanayin zafi ba; duk da haka, bayanin da ya dogara da dokar Allen na iya zama abin la'akari a matsayin hasashe na musamman don bayyana brachycephalon a yankunan sanyi.
An gano wani babban bambanci a cikin PC4, wanda ke nuna cewa 'yan Asiya ta Arewa maso Gabas suna da manyan ƙasusuwan zygomatic masu ban mamaki a kan ƙasusuwan maxilla da zygomatic. Wannan binciken ya yi daidai da sanannen siffa ta musamman ta 'yan Siberia, waɗanda ake tsammanin sun saba da yanayin sanyi mai tsanani ta hanyar motsi na ƙasusuwan zygomatic gaba, wanda ke haifar da ƙaruwar sinuses da fuska mai faɗi 65. Wani sabon bincike daga samfurinmu mai kama da juna shine cewa durƙusar kunci a cikin Turawa yana da alaƙa da raguwar gangaren gaba, da kuma ƙasusuwan occipital masu faɗi da kunkuntar concavity. Sabanin haka, 'yan Asiya ta Arewa maso Gabas suna da goshi mai faɗi da kuma yankunan occipital masu tsayi. Nazarin ƙashin occipital ta amfani da hanyoyin morphometric na geometric35 ya nuna cewa ƙoƙon kan Asiya da Turai suna da lanƙwasa mai faɗi da kuma ƙaramin matsayi na occiput idan aka kwatanta da 'yan Afirka. Duk da haka, zane-zanenmu na PC2 da PC4 da PC3 da PC9 sun nuna bambanci sosai a tsakanin 'yan Asiya, yayin da Turawa ke da tushe mai faɗi na occiput da ƙananan occiput. Rashin daidaito a cikin halayen Asiya tsakanin nazarin na iya zama saboda bambance-bambance a cikin samfuran ƙabilu da aka yi amfani da su, kamar yadda muka ɗauki adadi mai yawa na ƙabilu daga fannoni daban-daban na Arewa maso Gabas da Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya. Sau da yawa canje-canje a cikin siffar ƙashin occipital ana danganta shi da ci gaban tsoka. Duk da haka, wannan bayanin daidaitawa bai yi la'akari da alaƙar da ke tsakanin goshi da siffar occiput ba, wanda aka nuna a cikin wannan binciken amma da wuya a nuna shi gaba ɗaya. Dangane da wannan, yana da kyau a yi la'akari da alaƙar da ke tsakanin daidaiton nauyin jiki da tsakiyar nauyi ko mahaɗin mahaifa (foramen magnum) ko wasu dalilai.
Wani muhimmin sashi mai bambancin ra'ayi yana da alaƙa da ci gaban na'urar masticatory, wacce aka wakilta ta hanyar maxillary da temporal fossae, wanda aka bayyana ta hanyar haɗakar maki PC6, PC7 da PC4. Waɗannan raguwar da aka samu a sassan kwanya suna nuna mutanen Turai fiye da kowace ƙungiya ta ƙasa. An fassara wannan fasalin ne sakamakon raguwar kwanciyar hankali na yanayin fuska saboda ci gaban dabarun noma da abinci da wuri, wanda hakan ya rage nauyin injina akan na'urar masticatory ba tare da na'urar masticatory mai ƙarfi ba9,12,28,66. Dangane da hasashe na aikin masticatory, 28 wannan yana tare da canji a cikin lanƙwasa tushen kwanya zuwa kusurwar kwanya mai tsanani da rufin kwanya mai zagaye. Daga wannan hangen nesa, al'ummar noma suna da fuskoki masu ƙanƙanta, ƙarancin fitowar ƙashin ƙugu, da kuma meninges masu zagaye. Saboda haka, ana iya bayanin wannan nakasu ta hanyar cikakken bayanin siffar gefen kwanyar Turawa tare da raguwar gabobin masticatory. Duk da haka, bisa ga wannan binciken, wannan fassarar tana da sarkakiya saboda muhimmancin aikin dangantakar da ke tsakanin globose neurocranium da ci gaban na'urar masticatory ba ta da karɓuwa sosai, kamar yadda aka yi la'akari da shi a cikin fassarar PC2 da ta gabata.
Bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin 'yan Asiya ta Arewa maso Gabas da 'yan Asiya ta Kudu maso Gabas an kwatanta su da bambanci tsakanin doguwar fuska mai ƙashi mai karkata da kuma gajeriyar fuska mai ƙunƙuntaccen tushe na kwanyar, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin PC3 da PC9. Saboda rashin bayanan yanayin ƙasa, bincikenmu ya ba da taƙaitaccen bayani kawai don wannan binciken. Bayani mai yiwuwa shine daidaitawa da yanayi daban-daban ko yanayin abinci mai gina jiki. Baya ga daidaitawar muhalli, an kuma yi la'akari da bambance-bambancen gida a tarihin al'ummomi a Arewa maso Gabas da Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya. Misali, a gabashin Eurasia, an yi hasashen samfurin mai layuka biyu don fahimtar wargajewar mutane na zamani (AMH) bisa ga bayanan siffar kwanyar mutum67,68. A cewar wannan samfurin, "matakin farko", wato, ƙungiyoyin asali na 'yan mulkin mallaka na Late Pleistocene AMH, suna da zuriya kai tsaye daga mazaunan yankin, kamar Austro-Melanesian na zamani (shafi na farko). , kuma daga baya sun fuskanci babban haɗin mutanen noma na arewa masu halaye na arewa maso gabashin Asiya (mataki na biyu) zuwa yankin (kimanin shekaru 4,000 da suka wuce). Za a buƙaci kwararar kwayoyin halitta da aka tsara ta amfani da samfurin "mai matakai biyu" don fahimtar siffar kwanyar kudu maso gabashin Asiya, ganin cewa siffar kwanyar kudu maso gabashin Asiya na iya dogara ne akan gadon kwayoyin halitta na matakin farko na gida.
Ta hanyar tantance kamanceceniya ta kwanyar ta amfani da na'urorin yanki da aka zana ta amfani da samfuran homologue, za mu iya fahimtar tarihin yawan jama'a na AMF a cikin yanayi a wajen Afirka. An gabatar da samfura daban-daban na "waje daga Afirka" don bayyana rarrabawar AMF bisa ga bayanan kwarangwal da kwayoyin halitta. Daga cikin waɗannan, binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya nuna cewa mulkin mallaka na AMH na yankunan wajen Afirka ya fara kimanin shekaru 177,000 da suka gabata69,70. Duk da haka, rarraba AMF mai nisa a Eurasia a wannan lokacin har yanzu ba a tabbatar da shi ba, tunda mazaunin waɗannan burbushin halittu na farko an iyakance su ne ga Gabas ta Tsakiya da Bahar Rum kusa da Afirka. Mafi sauƙi shine zama ɗaya tilo a kan hanyar ƙaura daga Afirka zuwa Eurasia, yana ketare shingayen ƙasa kamar Himalayas. Wani samfurin yana nuna raƙuman ƙaura da yawa, wanda na farko ya bazu daga Afirka tare da gabar Tekun Indiya zuwa Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya da Ostiraliya, sannan ya bazu zuwa arewacin Eurasia. Yawancin waɗannan nazarin sun tabbatar da cewa AMF ya bazu fiye da Afirka kusan shekaru 60,000 da suka gabata. A wannan fanni, samfuran Australasian-Melanesian (ciki har da Papua) sun nuna kamanceceniya da samfuran Afirka fiye da kowane jerin yanayi a cikin manyan nazarin sassan samfuran homology. Wannan binciken yana goyan bayan hasashen cewa ƙungiyoyin rarraba AMF na farko a gefen kudu na Eurasia sun fito kai tsaye a Afirka22,68 ba tare da manyan canje-canje a cikin yanayin yanayi ba dangane da takamaiman yanayi ko wasu muhimman yanayi.
Dangane da girman alloometric, nazarin da aka yi amfani da sassan siffofi da aka samo daga wani saitin bayanai daban-daban da aka daidaita ta hanyar girman centroid ya nuna babban yanayin alloometric a PC6 da PC10. Dukansu sassan suna da alaƙa da siffar goshi da sassan fuska, waɗanda ke ƙara ƙunci yayin da girman kwanyar ke ƙaruwa. 'Yan Asiya ta Arewa maso Gabas da Amurkawa suna da wannan fasalin kuma suna da manyan kwanyar. Wannan binciken ya saba wa tsarin alloometric da aka ruwaito a baya inda manyan kwakwalwa ke da faffadan lobes na gaba a cikin abin da ake kira "Broca's cap", wanda ya haifar da ƙaruwar faɗin lobe na gaba34. Waɗannan bambance-bambancen an bayyana su ta hanyar bambance-bambancen da ke cikin samfuran samfura; Bincikenmu ya bincika tsarin alloometric na girman kwanyar gabaɗaya ta amfani da al'ummomin zamani, kuma nazarin kwatantawa ya magance yanayin dogon lokaci a cikin juyin halittar ɗan adam da ya shafi girman kwakwalwa.
Dangane da allometry na fuska, wani bincike da aka yi amfani da bayanan biometric78 ya gano cewa siffar fuska da girmanta na iya ɗan ɗan yi daidai, yayin da bincikenmu ya gano cewa manyan kwanyar suna da alaƙa da fuskoki masu tsayi da kunkuntar. Duk da haka, daidaiton bayanan biometric ba a fayyace ba; Gwaje-gwajen komawa baya da ke kwatanta allometry na ontogenetic da allometry na tsaye suna nuna sakamako daban-daban. An kuma bayar da rahoton cewa yanayin allometric zuwa siffar kwanyar mai siffar ƙwallo saboda ƙaruwar tsayi; duk da haka, ba mu yi nazarin bayanan tsayi ba. Bincikenmu ya nuna cewa babu wani bayanan allometric da ke nuna alaƙa tsakanin rabon globular cranial da girman kwanyar gabaɗaya.
Ko da yake bincikenmu na yanzu bai yi magana game da bayanai kan masu canji na waje da yanayi ko abinci ke wakilta waɗanda za su iya yin tasiri ga yanayin kwanyar ba, babban saitin bayanai na samfuran saman kwanyar 3D masu kama da juna da aka yi amfani da su a cikin wannan binciken zai taimaka wajen kimanta bambancin yanayin halittar da ke da alaƙa. Abubuwan muhalli kamar abinci, yanayi da yanayin abinci mai gina jiki, da kuma ƙarfin tsaka-tsaki kamar ƙaura, kwararar kwayoyin halitta da karkatar kwayoyin halitta.
Wannan binciken ya haɗa da samfuran ƙoƙon maza guda 342 da aka tattara daga al'ummomi 148 a cikin sassa 9 na ƙasa (Tebur 1). Yawancin ƙungiyoyi samfuran asali ne na ƙasa, yayin da wasu ƙungiyoyi a Afirka, Arewa maso Gabas/Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya da Amurka (da aka jera a cikin rubutun harafi) an ayyana su bisa ga ƙabila. An zaɓi samfuran ƙoƙon kwakwalwa da yawa daga cikin bayanan ma'aunin ƙoƙon kwakwalwa bisa ga ma'anar ma'aunin ƙoƙon Martin da Tsunehiko Hanihara ya bayar. Mun zaɓi wakilan ƙoƙon maza daga dukkan ƙabilu a duniya. Don gano membobin kowace ƙungiya, mun ƙididdige nisan Euclidean bisa ga ma'aunin ƙoƙon kwakwalwa guda 37 daga matsakaicin rukuni ga duk mutanen da ke cikin wannan rukunin. A mafi yawan lokuta, mun zaɓi samfuran 1-4 tare da ƙaramin nisa daga matsakaicin (Tebur na Ƙarin S4). Ga waɗannan ƙungiyoyin, an zaɓi wasu samfuran bazuwar idan ba a jera su a cikin bayanan ma'aunin Hahara ba.
Don kwatanta kididdiga, an rarraba samfuran yawan jama'a 148 zuwa manyan sassan ƙasa, kamar yadda aka nuna a Jadawali na 1. Ƙungiyar "Afirka" ta ƙunshi samfuran kawai daga yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara. An haɗa samfuran daga Arewacin Afirka a cikin "Gabas ta Tsakiya" tare da samfuran daga Yammacin Asiya masu irin wannan yanayi. Ƙungiyar Arewa maso Gabashin Asiya ta ƙunshi mutanen da ba 'yan asalin Turai ba ne kawai, kuma ƙungiyar Amurka ta haɗa da 'yan asalin Amurka kawai. Musamman, wannan rukunin yana rarrabawa a kan babban yanki na nahiyoyi na Arewa da Kudancin Amurka, a cikin yanayi daban-daban. Duk da haka, muna la'akari da samfurin Amurka a cikin wannan rukunin ƙasa guda ɗaya, idan aka yi la'akari da tarihin alƙaluma na 'yan asalin Amurka waɗanda ake ɗauka 'yan asalin Arewa maso Gabashin Asiya ne, ba tare da la'akari da ƙaura da yawa ba 80.
Mun yi rikodin bayanan saman 3D na waɗannan samfuran kwanyar da suka bambanta ta amfani da na'urar daukar hoto ta 3D mai ƙuduri mai girma (EinScan Pro ta Shining 3D Co Ltd, mafi ƙarancin ƙuduri: 0.5 mm, https://www.shining3d.com/) sannan muka samar da raga. Samfurin raga ya ƙunshi kusan ƙofofi 200,000–400,000, kuma ana amfani da manhajar da aka haɗa don cike ramuka da gefuna masu santsi.
A mataki na farko, mun yi amfani da bayanan duba daga kowace kwanyar don ƙirƙirar samfurin kwanyar raga mai tsari ɗaya wanda ya ƙunshi ƙofofin 4485 (fuskoki polygonal 8728). An cire tushen yankin kwanyar, wanda ya ƙunshi ƙashin sphenoid, ƙashin petrous temporal, palate, maxillary alveoli, da haƙora, daga samfurin raga. Dalilin shi ne cewa waɗannan tsarin wani lokacin ba su cika ba ko kuma suna da wahalar kammalawa saboda siririn sassa masu kaifi kamar saman pterygoid da hanyoyin styloid, lalacewar haƙora da/ko saitin haƙora marasa daidaituwa. Ba a cire tushen kwanyar da ke kewaye da magnum na foramen ba, gami da tushe, saboda wannan wuri ne mai mahimmanci ga wurin haɗin gwiwar mahaifa kuma dole ne a tantance tsayin kwanyar. Yi amfani da zoben madubi don ƙirƙirar samfuri wanda yake daidai a ɓangarorin biyu. Yi haɗin isotropic don canza siffofi polygonal su zama daidai gwargwado.
Na gaba, an sanya alamun ƙasa guda 56 zuwa ga madaidaitan yanayin samfurin samfurin ta amfani da manhajar HBM-Rugle. Saitin alamun ƙasa yana tabbatar da daidaito da kwanciyar hankali na wurin da aka sanya alamun ƙasa kuma yana tabbatar da daidaiton waɗannan wurare a cikin samfurin homology da aka samar. Ana iya gano su bisa ga takamaiman halayensu, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Tebur na Ƙarin S5 da Hoto na Ƙarin S3. Dangane da ma'anar Bookstein81, yawancin waɗannan alamomin ƙasa suna da alamun ƙasa guda I waɗanda ke wurin haɗuwar gine-gine uku, wasu kuma alamun ƙasa guda II ne tare da ma'aunin lanƙwasa mafi girma. An canja wurare da yawa daga wuraren da aka ayyana don ma'aunin kwanyar layi a cikin ma'anar Martin 36. Mun ayyana alamomin ƙasa guda 56 iri ɗaya don samfuran samfuran kwanyar 342 da aka duba, waɗanda aka sanya su da hannu zuwa madaidaitan yanayin ƙasa don samar da samfuran haɗin kai mafi kyau a sashe na gaba.
An ayyana tsarin daidaitawa mai tsakiya don bayyana bayanan scan da samfuri, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Ƙarin Hoto na S4. Jirgin XZ shine jirgin kwance na Frankfurt wanda ke ratsa mafi girman matsayi (ma'anar Martin: ɓangare) na gefen sama na magudanar ji na waje na hagu da dama da kuma mafi ƙasƙanci wuri (ma'anar Martin: orbit) na ƙasan gefen hagu na kewayar. . Axis na X shine layin da ke haɗa gefen hagu da dama, kuma X+ shine gefen dama. Jirgin YZ yana ratsa tsakiyar sassan hagu da dama da kuma tushen hanci: Y+ sama, Z+ gaba. Wurin tunani (asalin: sifili coordinate) an saita shi a mahadar jirgin YZ (tsakiyar jirgin), jirgin XZ (jirgin Frankfort) da jirgin XY (jirgin coronal).
Mun yi amfani da manhajar HBM-Rugle (Medic Engineering, Kyoto, http://www.rugle.co.jp/) don ƙirƙirar samfurin raga mai kama da juna ta hanyar yin tsarin daidaitawa ta amfani da maki 56 na alamomi (gefen hagu na Hoto na 1). Babban ɓangaren software, wanda Cibiyar Binciken Dan Adam ta Dijital ta Cibiyar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Ci gaba da Fasaha a Japan ta ƙirƙira, ana kiransa HBM kuma yana da ayyuka don daidaita samfura ta amfani da alamun ƙasa da ƙirƙirar samfuran raga masu kyau ta amfani da saman rabawa82. Sigar software ta gaba (mHBM) 83 ta ƙara fasali don daidaita samfura ba tare da alamun ƙasa ba don inganta aikin daidaitawa. HBM-Rugle ya haɗa software na mHBM tare da ƙarin fasaloli masu sauƙin amfani ciki har da keɓance tsarin daidaitawa da sake girman bayanai na shigarwa. An tabbatar da ingancin daidaiton daidaita software a cikin bincike da yawa52,54,55,56,57,58,59,60.
Lokacin da aka haɗa samfurin HBM-Rugle ta amfani da alamun ƙasa, ana haɗa samfurin raga na samfurin akan bayanan duba manufa ta hanyar yin rijista mai tsauri bisa ga fasahar ICP (rage jimlar nisan da ke tsakanin alamomin ƙasa da suka dace da samfurin da bayanan duba manufa), sannan ta hanyar rashin tauri na raga yana daidaita samfurin zuwa bayanan duba manufa. An maimaita wannan tsarin daidaitawa sau uku ta amfani da ƙima daban-daban na sigogin daidaitawa guda biyu don inganta daidaiton dacewa. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan sigogi yana iyakance nisan da ke tsakanin samfurin grid na samfuri da bayanan duba manufa, ɗayan kuma yana hukunta nisan da ke tsakanin alamomin samfuri da alamomin ƙasa. Sannan an raba samfurin raga mai nakasa ta amfani da algorithm na yanki mai zagaye 82 don ƙirƙirar samfurin raga mai inganci wanda ya ƙunshi kusurwa 17,709 (polygons 34,928). A ƙarshe, samfurin grid na samfuri da aka raba ya dace da bayanan binciken manufa don samar da samfurin homology. Tunda wuraren da aka yi amfani da su sun ɗan bambanta da waɗanda ke cikin bayanan binciken manufa, an daidaita tsarin homology don bayyana su ta amfani da tsarin daidaitawar kai da aka bayyana a cikin sashe na baya. Matsakaicin tazara tsakanin alamomin samfurin homologue masu dacewa da bayanan binciken manufa a cikin duk samfuran shine <0.01 mm. An ƙididdige ta amfani da aikin HBM-Rugle, matsakaicin tazara tsakanin wuraren bayanan samfurin homology da bayanan binciken manufa shine 0.322 mm (Teburin Ƙarin S2).
Domin bayyana canje-canje a cikin yanayin kwanyar, an yi nazarin vertices 17,709 (53,127 XYZ coordinates) na duk samfuran homologue ta hanyar babban nazarin sassan (PCA) ta amfani da software na HBS da Cibiyar Kimiyyar Dan Adam ta Dijital ta Cibiyar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Masana'antu ta Ci gaba., Japan (dillalin rarrabawa: Injiniyan Likita, Kyoto, http://www.rugle.co.jp/) ta ƙirƙira. Sannan muka yi ƙoƙarin amfani da PCA a cikin saitin bayanai marasa daidaituwa kuma an daidaita saitin bayanai ta hanyar girman centroid. Don haka, PCA bisa bayanan da ba a daidaita ba zai iya bayyana siffar kwanyar a sarari na raka'o'i tara na ƙasa kuma ya sauƙaƙa fassarar sassan fiye da PCA ta amfani da bayanai masu daidaito.
Wannan labarin ya gabatar da adadin manyan abubuwan da aka gano tare da gudummawar fiye da 1% na jimlar bambancin. Don tantance manyan abubuwan da suka fi tasiri wajen bambance ƙungiyoyi a cikin manyan sassan yanki, an yi amfani da nazarin halayyar aiki na mai karɓa (ROC) ga makin babban ɓangaren (PC) tare da gudummawar da ta fi 2% 84. Wannan binciken yana haifar da lanƙwasa ga kowane ɓangaren PCA don inganta aikin rarrabuwa da kuma kwatanta makircin daidai tsakanin ƙungiyoyin yanki. Ana iya kimanta matakin ikon wariya ta hanyar yankin da ke ƙarƙashin lanƙwasa (AUC), inda sassan PCA masu manyan ƙima suka fi iya bambance tsakanin ƙungiyoyi. Daga nan aka yi gwajin chi-square don tantance matakin mahimmanci. An gudanar da nazarin ROC a cikin Microsoft Excel ta amfani da Bell Curve don software na Excel (sigar 3.21).
Don ganin bambance-bambancen yanayi a cikin yanayin kwanyar, an ƙirƙiri zane-zanen warwatse ta amfani da maki na PC waɗanda suka fi bambanta ƙungiyoyi daga manyan sassan ƙasa. Don fassara manyan sassan, yi amfani da taswirar launi don ganin wurare masu tsayin samfuri waɗanda ke da alaƙa sosai da manyan sassan. Bugu da ƙari, an ƙididdige wakilcin kama-da-wane na ƙarshen manyan sassan da ke cikin ±3 karkacewar daidaito (SD) na manyan sassan kuma an gabatar da su a cikin bidiyon ƙarin.
An yi amfani da allometry don tantance alaƙar da ke tsakanin siffar kwanyar da abubuwan girma da aka tantance a cikin nazarin PCA. Binciken yana da inganci ga manyan abubuwan da suka bayar da gudummawa fiye da 1%. Ɗaya daga cikin iyakokin wannan PCA shine cewa sassan siffofi ba za su iya nuna siffa daban-daban ba saboda saitin bayanai marasa daidaituwa ba ya cire duk abubuwan girma. Baya ga amfani da saitunan bayanai marasa daidaituwa, mun kuma bincika yanayin allometric ta amfani da saitin sassan PC bisa ga bayanan girman centroid da aka daidaita da aka yi amfani da su ga manyan abubuwan tare da gudummawar sama da 1%.
An gwada yanayin alloometric ta amfani da lissafi Y = aXb 85 inda Y shine siffar ko rabon ɓangaren siffa, X shine girman centroid (Teburin Ƙarin S2), a shine ƙimar da ba ta canzawa ba, kuma b shine ma'aunin alloometric. Wannan hanyar a zahiri tana gabatar da nazarin girma na alloometric cikin tsarin siffofi na geometric78,86. Canjin logarithmic na wannan dabarar shine: log Y = b × log X + log a. An yi amfani da nazarin komawa baya ta amfani da hanyar murabba'i mafi ƙanƙanta don ƙididdige a da b. Lokacin da aka canza Y (girman centroid) da X (maki na PC) ta hanyar logarithm, waɗannan ƙimar dole ne su kasance masu kyau; duk da haka, saitin kimantawa na X ya ƙunshi ƙimar mara kyau. A matsayin mafita, mun ƙara zagaye zuwa ƙimar mafi ƙarancin juzu'i da 1 ga kowane juzu'i a cikin kowane sashi kuma mun yi amfani da canjin logarithmic ga duk juzu'i masu kyau da aka canza. An tantance mahimmancin ma'aunin allometric ta amfani da gwajin t na ɗalibi mai wutsiya biyu. An yi waɗannan ƙididdigar ƙididdiga don gwada girma na alloometric ta amfani da Bell Curves a cikin software na Excel (sigar 3.21).
Wolpoff, MH Tasirin yanayi a kan hancin kwarangwal. Eh. J. Phys. Ɗan Adam. 29, 405–423. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330290315 (1968).
Beals, KL Siffar kai da damuwar yanayi. Eh. J. Phys. Humanity. 37, 85–92. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330370111 (1972).
Lokacin Saƙo: Afrilu-02-2024