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Wannan binciken ya tantance bambance-bambancen yanki a cikin ilimin halittar ɗan adam ta hanyar amfani da samfurin homology na geometric dangane da bayanan bincike daga kabilu 148 a duniya.Wannan hanyar tana amfani da fasaha mai dacewa da samfuri don samar da sarƙaƙƙiya masu kamanceceniya ta hanyar yin sauye-sauye marasa ƙarfi ta amfani da juzu'i mafi kusa.Ta hanyar yin amfani da babban binciken abubuwan da aka zaɓa zuwa samfuran 342 da aka zaɓa, an sami babban canji a girman gabaɗaya kuma an tabbatar da shi a sarari don ƙaramin kwanyar daga Kudancin Asiya.Bambanci mafi girma na biyu shine tsayin daka zuwa nisa rabo na neurocranium, yana nuna bambanci tsakanin ƙwanƙolin ƙwanƙolin ƴan Afirka da ƙwanƙolin ƙwanƙolin Arewa maso Gabashin Asiya.Yana da kyau a lura cewa wannan sinadari ba shi da alaƙa da gyaran fuska.Sanannun siffofi na fuska irin su kunci da ke fitowa a yankin Arewa maso Gabashin Asiya da ƙananan ƙasusuwa a cikin Turawa an sake tabbatar da su.Wadannan sauye-sauyen fuska suna da alaƙa ta kusa da kwandon kwanyar, musamman ma matakin karkata na gaba da ƙasusuwan occipital.An sami alamun allometric a cikin daidaitattun fuska dangane da girman kwanyar gabaɗaya;a cikin ƙoƙon kai masu girma, tsarin fuskar fuska yakan yi tsayi da kunkuntar, kamar yadda aka nuna a yawancin ƴan asalin ƙasar Amirka da Arewa maso Gabashin Asiya.Kodayake bincikenmu bai haɗa da bayanai game da sauye-sauyen muhalli wanda zai iya rinjayar ilimin halittar jiki ba, kamar yanayin yanayi ko yanayin abinci, babban tsarin bayanai na ƙirar cranial na homologous zai zama da amfani wajen neman bayani daban-daban don halayen phenotypic skeletal.
An daɗe ana nazarin bambance-bambancen yanki na siffar kwanyar ɗan adam.Yawancin masu bincike sun tantance bambancin daidaitawar muhalli da / ko zaɓin yanayi, musamman yanayin yanayi1,2,3,4,5,6,7 ko aikin masticatory dangane da yanayin abinci mai gina jiki5,8,9,10, 11,12.13. .Bugu da kari, wasu nazarin sun mai da hankali kan tasirin kwalabe, ratsa kwayoyin halitta, kwararar kwayoyin halitta, ko tsarin juyin halitta wanda ya haifar da maye gurbi na tsaka tsaki14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23.Misali, an yi bayanin siffa mai siffar siffa mai faɗi da gajarta cranial vault a matsayin daidaitawa zuwa matsa lamba bisa ga ka'idar Allen24, wanda ke nuna cewa dabbobi masu shayarwa suna rage asarar zafi ta hanyar rage yankin saman jiki dangane da girma2,4,16,17,25. .Bugu da ƙari, wasu nazarin da ke amfani da tsarin Bergmann26 sun bayyana dangantakar dake tsakanin girman kwanyar da zafin jiki3,5,16,25,27, yana nuna cewa girman gaba ɗaya yana da girma a cikin yankuna masu sanyi don hana asarar zafi.An yi muhawara kan tasirin injina na damuwa na masticatory akan yanayin girma na ƙwanƙolin cranial da kasusuwan fuska dangane da yanayin abincin da ya samo asali daga al'adun abinci ko bambance-bambancen rayuwa tsakanin manoma da masu farauta8,9,11,12,28.Babban bayanin shi ne cewa rage yawan matsa lamba yana rage taurin kasusuwan fuska da tsokoki.Yawancin karatu na duniya sun danganta bambance-bambancen siffar kwanyar musamman ga sakamako mai ban mamaki na nisa na tsaka-tsakin kwayoyin halitta maimakon daidaitawar muhalli21,29,30,31,32.Wani bayani don canje-canje a cikin siffar kwanyar ya dogara ne akan manufar isometric ko girma na allometric6,33,34,35.Misali, manyan kwakwalwa sun kasance suna da mafi girman lobes na gaba a cikin abin da ake kira "Broca's cap" yankin, kuma faɗin lobes na gaba yana ƙaruwa, tsarin juyin halitta wanda ake la'akari da shi bisa ga haɓakar allometric.Bugu da ƙari, binciken da ke nazarin canje-canje na dogon lokaci a cikin siffar kwanyar ya sami halin da ake ciki zuwa brachycephaly (ƙa'idodin kwanyar don zama mai siffar zobe) tare da haɓaka tsawo33.
Dogon tarihi na bincike a cikin ilimin halittar jiki ya haɗa da yunƙurin gano abubuwan da ke haifar da al'amuran daban-daban na bambance-bambancen siffofi na cranial.Hanyoyin al'ada da aka yi amfani da su a yawancin binciken farko sun dogara ne akan bayanan ma'auni na layi, sau da yawa ta amfani da ma'anar Martin ko Howell36,37.A lokaci guda, yawancin binciken da aka ambata a sama sun yi amfani da hanyoyin ci gaba bisa ga fasahar 3D geometric morphometry (GM)5,7,10,11,12,13,17,20,27,34,35,38.39. Misali, hanyar zamiya semilandmark, dangane da lankwasawa makamashi ragewa, ya kasance mafi yawan amfani da hanya a transgenic ilmin halitta.Yana aiwatar da ƙananan alamomin samfuri akan kowane samfurin ta hanyar zamewa tare da lanƙwasa ko saman38,40,41,42,43,44,45,46.Ciki har da irin waɗannan hanyoyin daɗaɗɗa, yawancin karatun 3D GM suna amfani da bincike na gaba ɗaya na Procrustes, madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaici (ICP) algorithm 47 don ba da damar kwatanta siffofi kai tsaye da kama canje-canje.Madadin haka, hanyar spline na bakin ciki (TPS) 48,49 kuma ana amfani da ita sosai azaman hanyar sauyi mara ƙarfi don taswira jeri na ƙasan ƙasa zuwa sifofin tushen raga.
Tare da haɓaka na'urorin daukar hoto na 3D masu amfani tun daga ƙarshen karni na 20, yawancin karatu sun yi amfani da na'urar daukar hotan takardu na 3D don ma'aunin girman50,51.An yi amfani da bayanan duba don fitar da girman jiki, wanda ke buƙatar siffanta sifofi a matsayin saman sama maimakon gizagizai.Ƙaƙwalwar ƙira wata dabara ce da aka ƙirƙira don wannan dalili a fagen zane-zanen kwamfuta, inda aka kwatanta siffar saman ta hanyar ƙirar raga mai ɗaiɗai.Mataki na farko a cikin dacewa da tsari shine shirya samfurin raga don amfani dashi azaman samfuri.Wasu daga cikin ƙullun da suka haɗa da ƙirar alamu ne.Samfurin ya zama naƙasasshe kuma an daidaita shi zuwa saman don rage tazarar tsakanin samfuri da gajimaren batu yayin kiyaye fasalin fasalin gida na samfuri.Alamomin ƙasa a cikin samfuri sun dace da alamun ƙasa a cikin gajimare.Yin amfani da dacewa da samfuri, duk bayanan sikanin za'a iya siffanta su azaman ƙirar raga tare da adadin maki iri ɗaya da topology iri ɗaya.Ko da yake madaidaicin homology yana wanzuwa kawai a wurare masu mahimmanci, ana iya ɗauka cewa akwai gamammiyar homology tsakanin samfuran da aka ƙirƙira tun da canje-canje a cikin jumlolin samfura kaɗan ne.Don haka, ƙirar grid da aka ƙirƙira ta hanyar dacewa da samfuri wani lokaci ana kiran su samfurin homology52.Amfanin dacewa da samfuri shi ne cewa samfur ɗin na iya zama naƙasasshe kuma a daidaita shi zuwa sassa daban-daban na abin da ake nufi da ke kusa da farfajiya amma nesa da shi (misali, zygomatic baka da yankin ɗan lokaci na kwanyar) ba tare da shafar kowane ɗayan ba. sauran.nakasawa.Ta wannan hanyar, ana iya amintar da samfuri zuwa abubuwa masu reshe kamar ƙwanƙwasa ko hannu, tare da kafada a tsaye.Rashin lahani na dacewa da samfuri shine mafi girman farashin ƙididdiga na maimaita maimaitawa, duk da haka, godiya ga gagarumin ci gaba a aikin kwamfuta, wannan ba batun bane.Ta hanyar nazarin ma'auni masu daidaitawa na ɗigon da ke samar da samfurin raga ta amfani da dabarun bincike na multivariate kamar nazarin abubuwan da ke da mahimmanci (PCA), yana yiwuwa a bincika canje-canje a cikin dukan siffar farfajiya da siffar kama-da-wane a kowane matsayi a cikin rarraba.za a iya karba.Kididdige da gani53.A zamanin yau, samfuran raga da aka samar ta hanyar dacewa da samfuri ana amfani da su sosai a cikin nazarin siffa a fannoni daban-daban52,54,55,56,57,58,59,60.
Ci gaba a fasahar rikodin rakodi mai sassauƙa, haɗe tare da saurin haɓaka na'urori masu ɗaukar hoto na 3D masu iya dubawa a mafi girman ƙuduri, saurin gudu, da motsi fiye da CT, suna sauƙaƙa rikodin bayanan saman 3D ba tare da la'akari da wurin ba.Don haka, a fagen ilimin halittar dan adam, irin wadannan sabbin fasahohin na kara habaka karfin kididdigewa da kididdigar kididdigar halittu, ciki har da samfurin kokon kai, wanda shi ne manufar wannan binciken.
A taƙaice, wannan binciken yana amfani da ingantacciyar fasahar ƙirar ƙirar homology ta 3D dangane da madaidaicin samfuri (Hoto na 1) don kimanta samfuran kwanyar 342 waɗanda aka zaɓa daga mutane 148 a duk duniya ta hanyar kwatancen yanki a duk faɗin duniya.Bambance-bambancen ilimin halittar jiki na cranial (Table 1).Don yin lissafin canje-canje a ilimin halittar kwanyar kwanyar, mun yi amfani da nazarin PCA da sifa mai aiki da karɓa (ROC) zuwa saitin bayanai na ƙirar homology da muka ƙirƙira.Abubuwan da aka gano za su ba da gudummawa ga kyakkyawar fahimtar sauye-sauye na duniya a cikin ilimin halittar jiki, ciki har da tsarin yanki da raguwar tsari na canji, sauye-sauye masu dangantaka tsakanin sassan cranial, da kuma kasancewar abubuwan da suka dace.Ko da yake wannan binciken ba ya magance bayanai game da sauye-sauye na waje da aka wakilta ta yanayin yanayi ko yanayin abinci wanda zai iya yin tasiri akan ilimin halittar jiki na cranial, yanayin yanayin yanayin da aka rubuta a cikin bincikenmu zai taimaka wajen gano yanayin yanayi, kwayoyin halitta, da kwayoyin halitta na bambancin cranial.
Tebur na 2 yana nuna ƙimar eigenvalues da ƙimar gudummawar PCA da aka yi amfani da su zuwa saitin bayanai marasa daidaito na 17,709 (daidaitawar XYZ 53,127) na ƙirar kwanyar homologous 342.A sakamakon haka, an gano manyan sassa 14, wanda gudummawar da aka bayar ga jimillar bambance-bambancen ya wuce 1%, kuma jimlar bambance-bambancen ya kasance 83.68%.Ana yin rikodin abubuwan ɗaukar nauyin manyan abubuwan 14 a cikin ƙarin Tebura S1, kuma ana ƙididdige makin abubuwan don samfuran kwanyar 342 a cikin Ƙarin Tebura S2.
Wannan binciken ya tantance manyan abubuwa guda tara tare da gudummawar da ta fi kashi 2%, wasu daga cikinsu suna nuna ƙwaƙƙwaran bambance-bambancen yanki a cikin ilimin halittar jiki.Hoto na 2 yana tsara maƙallan lanƙwasa waɗanda aka samo daga binciken ROC don kwatanta mafi inganci abubuwan PCA don ƙididdigewa ko raba kowane haɗin samfuran a cikin manyan sassan yanki (misali, tsakanin ƙasashen Afirka da waɗanda ba na Afirka ba).Ba a gwada haɗin Polynesian ba saboda ƙaramin samfurin da aka yi amfani da shi a wannan gwajin.Bayanai game da mahimmancin bambance-bambance a cikin AUC da sauran ƙididdiga na asali da aka ƙididdige su ta amfani da nazarin ROC an nuna su a cikin Ƙarin Tebura S3.
An yi amfani da maƙallan ROC zuwa ƙididdiga masu mahimmanci guda tara bisa tushen bayanan bayanan da ya ƙunshi nau'ikan kwanyar mazaje guda 342.AUC: Yankin da ke ƙarƙashin lanƙwasa a 0.01% mahimmancin da aka yi amfani da shi don bambance kowane haɗin yanki daga sauran jimlar haɗuwa.TPF gaskiya ce mai inganci (ingantacciyar wariya), FPF tabbataccen ƙarya ce (rashin wariya).
An taƙaita fassarar madaidaicin ROC a ƙasa, yana mai da hankali kawai akan abubuwan da zasu iya bambanta ƙungiyoyin kwatancen ta hanyar samun babban AUC mai girma ko ingantacciyar mahimmanci tare da yuwuwar ƙasa da 0.001.Ƙungiyar Kudancin Asiya (Fig. 2a), wanda ya ƙunshi yawancin samfurori daga Indiya, ya bambanta sosai da sauran samfurori masu gauraye na yanki a cikin cewa ɓangaren farko (PC1) yana da girma mafi girma AUC (0.856) idan aka kwatanta da sauran sassan.Siffar hadaddun Afirka (Hoto 2b) ita ce babbar AUC na PC2 (0.834).Austro-Melanesian (Fig. 2c) ya nuna irin wannan yanayin ga 'yan Afirka kudu da hamadar Sahara ta hanyar PC2 tare da AUC mafi girma (0.759).Turawa (Fig. 2d) sun bambanta a fili a cikin haɗin PC2 (AUC = 0.801), PC4 (AUC = 0.719) da PC6 (AUC = 0.671), samfurin Arewa maso gabashin Asiya (Fig. 2e) ya bambanta sosai daga PC4, tare da gwadawa. mafi girma 0.714, kuma bambanci daga PC3 yana da rauni (AUC = 0.688).An kuma gano ƙungiyoyi masu zuwa tare da ƙananan ƙimar AUC da matakan mahimmanci: Sakamakon PC7 (AUC = 0.679), PC4 (AUC = 0.654) da PC1 (AUC = 0.649) sun nuna cewa 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka (Fig. 2f) tare da takamaiman halaye masu alaƙa da waɗannan abubuwan haɗin gwiwa, Asiya ta Kudu maso Gabas (Fig. 2g) sun bambanta a cikin PC3 (AUC = 0.660) da PC9 (AUC = 0.663), amma tsarin samfurori daga Gabas ta Tsakiya (Fig. 2h) (ciki har da Arewacin Afirka) ya dace.Idan aka kwatanta da wasu babu bambanci sosai.
A mataki na gaba, don fassara madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin gani, wuraren da ke saman tare da ƙimar nauyin nauyi sama da 0.45 suna launin launi tare da bayanan daidaitawar X, Y, da Z, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Hoto 3. Yankin ja yana nuna babban haɗin gwiwa tare da Haɗaɗɗen axis X, wanda yayi daidai da madaidaiciyar madaidaiciyar hanya.Yankin kore yana da alaƙa sosai tare da daidaitawa a tsaye na axis Y, kuma yankin shuɗi mai duhu yana da alaƙa sosai tare da daidaitawar sagittal na axis Z.Yankin shuɗi mai haske yana da alaƙa da gatura masu daidaitawa na Y da gatura masu daidaitawa na Z;ruwan hoda – gauraye yanki mai hade da gatura daidaita X da Z;rawaya – yankin da ke da alaƙa da gatura daidaita X da Y;Yankin farin ya ƙunshi axis daidaitawar X, Y da Z da aka nuna.Saboda haka, a wannan madaidaicin ƙimar ƙimar, PC 1 galibi yana da alaƙa da gabaɗayan saman kwanyar.Siffar kwanyar 3 SD mai kama da kishiyar wannan axis ɗin ana kuma nuna su a cikin wannan adadi, kuma ana gabatar da hotuna masu ɓarna a Ƙarin Bidiyo S1 don tabbatar da gani cewa PC1 ya ƙunshi abubuwan girman kwanyar gabaɗaya.
Rarraba mitar maki PC1 (madaidaicin yanayin dacewa na yau da kullun), taswirar launi na saman kwanyar yana da alaƙa sosai tare da madaidaitan PC1 (bayanin launuka dangane da girman bangarorin wannan axis shine 3 SD. Ma'auni shine yanki kore tare da diamita. da 50 mm.
Hoto na 3 yana nuna ma'aunin rarraba mitar (madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaiciya) na makin PC1 ɗaya wanda aka ƙididdige shi daban don raka'o'in yanki 9.Baya ga kiyasin lankwasa na ROC (Hoto na 2), kiyasin mutanen Kudancin Asiya ya ɗan karkata zuwa hagu saboda kwanyarsu ba ta kai na sauran ƙungiyoyin yanki ba.Kamar yadda aka nuna a Table 1, waɗannan mutanen Kudancin Asiya suna wakiltar kabilu a Indiya da suka haɗa da tsibirin Andaman da Nicobar, Sri Lanka da Bangladesh.
An samo ƙididdiga mai ƙima akan PC1.Gano yankuna masu alaƙa da sifofin kama-da-wane ya haifar da haɓakar abubuwan sifofi don abubuwan da ba PC1 ba;duk da haka, girman abubuwan ba koyaushe ake kawar da su gaba ɗaya ba.Kamar yadda aka nuna ta hanyar kwatanta maƙallan ROC (Hoto na 2), PC2 da PC4 sun fi nuna wariya, sannan PC6 da PC7 suka biyo baya.PC3 da PC9 suna da tasiri sosai wajen rarraba yawan jama'a zuwa sassan yanki.Don haka, waɗannan nau'i-nau'i na gatari na schematically suna nuna ɓangarorin ɓangarorin PC da filaye masu launi suna da alaƙa sosai da kowane bangare, da kuma nakasar sigar kama-da-wane tare da ma'auni na bangarorin 3 SD (Figs. 4, 5, 6).Matsakaicin ɗaukar hoto na samfurori daga kowane yanki na yanki da aka wakilta a cikin waɗannan filaye ya kai kusan 90%, kodayake akwai ɗan ƙarami a cikin gungu.Table 3 yana ba da bayanin kowane ɓangaren PCA.
Scatterplots na PC2 da PC4 scores ga cranial mutane daga tara geographic raka'a (saman) da hudu geographic raka'a (kasa), mãkirci na saman kwanyar launi na vertices sosai m tare da kowane PC (dangi ga X, Y, Z).Bayanin launi na gatari: duba rubutu), da kuma nakasar nau'in kama-da-wane a bangarori daban-daban na wadannan gatura shine 3 SD.Ma'auni shine yanki mai kore tare da diamita na 50 mm.
Scatterplots na PC6 da PC7 scores ga cranial mutane daga tara geographic raka'a (saman) da biyu geographic raka'a (kasa), cranial surface launi mãkirci ga vertices sosai dangantaka da kowane PC (dangi ga X, Y, Z).Bayanin launi na gatari: duba rubutu), da kuma nakasar nau'in kama-da-wane a bangarori daban-daban na wadannan gatura shine 3 SD.Ma'auni shine yanki mai kore tare da diamita na 50 mm.
Scatterplots na PC3 da PC9 maki don cranial mutane daga raka'a yanki tara (saman) da raka'a guda uku (kasa), da makircin launi na saman kwanyar (dangi ga X, Y, Z axes) na madaidaicin madaidaicin alaƙa tare da kowane fassarar launi na PC. ku: cm.rubutu), da kuma nakasuwar sifar kama-da-wane a ɓangarorin waɗannan gatura tare da girman 3 SD.Ma'auni shine yanki mai kore tare da diamita na 50 mm.
A cikin jadawali da ke nuna maki na PC2 da PC4 (Hoto 4, Ƙarin Bidiyo S2, S3 da ke nuna gurɓatattun hotuna), ana kuma nuna taswirar launi na saman lokacin da aka saita ƙimar ƙimar lodi sama da 0.4, wanda ya yi ƙasa da na PC1 saboda. Kimar PC2 jimlar nauyin nauyi bai kai na PC1 ba.
Ƙaddamar da lobes na gaba da occipital a cikin sagittal shugabanci tare da Z-axis (duhu blue) da parietal lobe a cikin coronal shugabanci (ja) a kan ruwan hoda), da Y-axis na occiput (kore) da kuma Z-axis na goshi (duhu blue).Wannan jadawali yana nuna maki ga duk mutane a duniya;duk da haka, lokacin da aka nuna duk samfurori da ke kunshe da adadi mai yawa tare da juna a lokaci guda, fassarar tsarin watsawa yana da wuyar gaske saboda yawan haɗuwa;don haka, daga manyan sassan yanki guda huɗu kawai (watau Afirka, Australasia-Melanesia, Turai, da Arewa maso Gabashin Asiya), samfuran suna warwatse a ƙasan jadawali tare da nakasar cranial 3 SD a cikin wannan kewayon ƙimar PC.A cikin adadi, PC2 da PC4 maki biyu ne.'Yan Afirka da Austro-Melanesian sun fi haɗuwa kuma ana rarraba su zuwa gefen dama, yayin da Turawa suka warwatse zuwa hagu na sama kuma Asiyawan Arewa maso Gabas suna taruwa zuwa ƙasan hagu.Matsakaicin kwance na PC2 yana nuna cewa Melanesia na Afirka/ Ostiraliya suna da ɗan ƙaramin neurocranium fiye da sauran mutane.PC4, wanda haɗin gwiwar Turai da arewa maso gabashin Asiya ke rabu da su, yana da alaƙa da girman dangi da tsinkayar ƙasusuwan zygomatic da kwane-kwane na gefe na calvarium.Tsarin zura kwallaye ya nuna cewa Turawa suna da kunkuntar maxillary da zygomatic kasusuwa, ƙaramin sarari fossa na wucin gadi da aka iyakance da baka na zygomatic, kashin gaba mai tsayi a tsaye da lebur, ƙashi mara ƙarfi, yayin da Arewa maso Gabashin Asiya sukan sami fiɗa kuma fitattun ƙasusuwan zygomatic. .Lobe na gaba yana karkata, tushen kashin occipital yana tasowa.
Lokacin da ake mayar da hankali kan PC6 da PC7 (Fig. 5) (Ƙarin Bidiyo S4, S5 yana nuna hotunan maras kyau), ƙirar launi yana nuna ƙimar ƙimar nauyi fiye da 0.3, yana nuna cewa PC6 yana hade da maxillary ko alveolar ilimin halittar jiki (ja : X axis da kuma). kore).Y axis), siffar kashi na wucin gadi (blue: Y da axes Z) da siffar kasusuwan ido (ruwan hoda: gatari X da Z).Baya ga fadin goshi (ja: X-axis), PC7 kuma yana daidaitawa da tsayin maxillary alveoli na gaba (kore: Y-axis) da siffar kai Z-axis a kusa da yankin parietotemporal (blue mai duhu).A cikin babban kwamiti na Hoto na 5, ana rarraba duk samfuran yanki bisa ga makin PC6 da PC7.Saboda ROC yana nuna cewa PC6 ya ƙunshi fasali na musamman ga Turai kuma PC7 tana wakiltar fasalulluka na Ba'amurke a cikin wannan bincike, waɗannan samfuran yanki guda biyu an zaɓe su akan wannan gatari guda biyu.'Yan asalin ƙasar Amirka, kodayake an haɗa su da yawa a cikin samfurin, sun warwatse a kusurwar hagu na sama;Sabanin haka, yawancin samfuran Turai suna ayan kasancewa a cikin ƙananan kusurwar dama.PC6 da PC7 guda biyu suna wakiltar tsarin alveolar kunkuntar da kuma ingantacciyar neurocranium na Turawa, yayin da Amurkawa ke siffanta da kunkuntar goshi, mafi girma maxilla, da tsarin alveolar mai fadi da tsayi.
Binciken ROC ya nuna cewa PC3 da/ko PC9 sun zama ruwan dare a cikin mutanen kudu maso gabas da arewa maso gabashin Asiya.Dangane da haka, maki biyun PC3 (fuskar kore na sama akan y-axis) da PC9 (fuskar ƙasan kore akan y-axis) (Fig. 6; Ƙarin Bidiyo S6, S7 suna ba da hotuna masu kama da juna) suna nuna bambancin mutanen Gabashin Asiya., wanda ya bambanta sosai da girman fuska na mutanen Arewa maso Gabashin Asiya da kuma ƙarancin siffar mutanen Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya.Bayan wadannan siffofi na fuska, wata sifa ta wasu mutanen Arewa maso Gabashin Asiya ita ce karkatar da lambda na kashin da ke cikin occipital, yayin da wasu mutanen kudu maso gabashin Asiya ke da kunkuntar gindin kwanyar.
Bayanin da ke sama na manyan abubuwan da aka haɗa da bayanin PC5 da PC8 ba a cire su ba saboda ba a sami takamaiman halaye na yanki a cikin manyan raka'a tara ba.PC5 yana nufin girman tsarin mastoid na kashi na ɗan lokaci, kuma PC8 yana nuna asymmetry na gabaɗayan siffar kwanyar, duka suna nuna daidaitattun bambance-bambance tsakanin haɗuwar samfurin yanki guda tara.
Baya ga tarwatsa makin PCA na kowane mutum, muna kuma samar da rarrabuwa na hanyoyin rukuni don kwatanta gabaɗaya.Don wannan ƙarshen, an ƙirƙiri matsakaicin ƙirar homology na cranial daga tsarin bayanan bayanta na ƙirar homology ɗaya daga ƙungiyoyin ƙabilu 148.Ana nuna madaidaitan ma'auni na maki na PC2 da PC4, PC6 da PC7, da PC3 da PC9 a Ƙarin Hoto S1, duk an ƙididdige su azaman matsakaicin ƙirar kwanyar don samfurin mutane 148.Ta wannan hanyar, ɓangarorin watsawa suna ɓoye bambance-bambancen mutum a cikin kowane rukuni, yana ba da damar fayyace daidaitattun kwanyar kai saboda ƙayyadaddun rabe-raben yanki, inda alamu suka yi daidai da waɗanda aka nuna a cikin kowane maɓalli tare da ƙarancin haɗuwa.Ƙarin Hoto S2 yana nuna maƙasudin ƙima ga kowane yanki na yanki.
Baya ga PC1, wanda ke da alaƙa da girman gabaɗaya (Ƙarin Teburin S2), an bincika alaƙar alaƙa tsakanin girman gabaɗaya da siffar kwanyar ta amfani da ma'auni na centroid da saiti na ƙididdigar PCA daga bayanan da ba na al'ada ba.Allometric coefficients, m dabi'u, t dabi'u, da kuma P dabi'u a cikin muhimmancin gwajin da aka nuna a cikin Table 4. Ba a samu wani gagarumin alwatika tsarin gyara hade da overall kwanyar size aka samu a kowane cranial ilimin halittar jiki a matakin P <0.05.
Saboda ana iya haɗa wasu abubuwan girman girman a cikin kididdigar PC dangane da saitin bayanan da ba na al'ada ba, mun ƙara yin nazarin yanayin allometric tsakanin girman centroid da ƙimar PC da aka ƙididdige su ta amfani da saitin bayanan da aka daidaita ta girman centroid (an gabatar da sakamakon PCA da saitin maki a cikin ƙarin Tables S6. ) .,C7).Teburin 4 yana nuna sakamakon binciken allometric.Don haka, an sami mahimman abubuwan al'ada a matakin 1% a cikin PC6 da kuma a matakin 5% a cikin PC10.Hoto na 7 yana nuna gangarawar koma bayan waɗannan alakokin log-linear tsakanin maki PC da girman centroid tare da dummies (± 3 SD) a kowane ƙarshen girman log centroid.Makin PC6 shine rabon dangi tsayi da faɗin kwanyar.Yayin da girman kwanyar ya karu, kwanyar da fuska suna karuwa, kuma goshi, ƙwanƙolin ido da hanci suna kusan zama tare a gefe.Misalin samfurin tarwatsawa yana nuna cewa ana samun wannan rabon a Arewa maso Gabashin Asiya da ƴan asalin ƙasar Amirka.Bugu da ƙari, PC10 yana nuna canji zuwa ga raguwar daidaito a faɗin tsakiyar fuska ba tare da la'akari da yankin yanki ba.
Don mahimman alaƙar allometric da aka jera a cikin tebur, gangara na koma bayan log-linear tsakanin rabon PC na sashin sifa (wanda aka samo daga bayanan da aka daidaita) da girman centroid, nakasar sigar kama-da-wane tana da girman 3 SD akan gefen layin 4.
An nuna tsarin canje-canje masu zuwa a cikin ilimin halittar jiki ta hanyar nazarin bayanan bayanan samfuran saman 3D masu kama da juna.Bangaren farko na PCA yana da alaƙa da girman kwanyar gabaɗaya.An dade ana tunanin cewa ƙananan kwanyar mutanen Asiya ta Kudu, ciki har da samfurori daga Indiya, Sri Lanka da tsibirin Andaman, Bangladesh, saboda ƙananan girman jikinsu ne, daidai da ka'idodin muhalli na Bergmann ko mulkin tsibirin613,5,16,25. 27,62 .Na farko yana da alaƙa da zafin jiki, na biyu kuma ya dogara da sararin samaniya da albarkatun abinci na mahallin muhalli.Daga cikin sassan sifa, mafi girman canji shine rabo na tsayi da nisa na cranial vault.Wannan fasalin, wanda aka keɓance PC2, yana bayyana dangantakar kut-da-kut da ke tsakanin ƙaƙƙarfan ƙoƙon kan Austro-Melanesians da ’yan Afirka, da kuma bambance-bambance da spherical skulls na wasu Turawa da Arewa maso Gabashin Asiya.An ba da rahoton waɗannan halayen a cikin yawancin binciken da suka gabata dangane da ma'auni mai sauƙi na layi37,63,64.Bugu da ƙari, wannan yanayin yana da alaƙa da brachycephaly a cikin mutanen da ba na Afirka ba, wanda aka dade ana tattauna shi a cikin nazarin anthropometric da osteometric.Babban hasashe da ke bayan wannan bayanin shine raguwar mastication, kamar ɓacin ran tsokar tsoka na ɗan lokaci, yana rage matsa lamba akan fatar kai na waje5,8,9,10,11,12,13.Wani hasashe ya haɗa da daidaitawa zuwa yanayin sanyi ta hanyar rage saman saman kai, yana ba da shawarar cewa mafi girman kwanyar yana rage girman sararin sama fiye da sifa, bisa ga dokokin Allen16,17,25.Dangane da sakamakon binciken na yanzu, waɗannan ra'ayoyin za a iya tantance su kawai bisa ga haɗin kai na sassan cranial.A taƙaice, sakamakon PCA ɗin mu ba su da cikakken goyan bayan hasashen cewa rabon nisa na cranial yana da tasiri sosai ta yanayin tauna, kamar yadda PC2 (dogon/ɓangaren brachycephalic) lodi ba shi da alaƙa da ma'aunin fuska (gami da ma'aunin maxillary dangi).da sararin dangi na fossa na ɗan lokaci (yana nuna ƙarar tsokar ɗan lokaci).Bincikenmu na yanzu bai yi nazarin alakar da ke tsakanin siffar kwanyar da yanayin muhalli kamar yanayin zafi ba;duk da haka, bayanin da ya danganci mulkin Allen na iya zama darajar la'akari da matsayin ɗan takara don bayyana brachycephalon a yankunan sanyi na sanyi.
An sami babban bambanci a cikin PC4, yana nuna cewa mutanen Arewa maso Gabas suna da manyan ƙasusuwan zygomatic masu girma a kan maxilla da kasusuwan zygomatic.Wannan binciken ya yi daidai da sanannen ƙayyadaddun halayen Siberian, waɗanda ake tsammanin sun dace da yanayin sanyi mai tsananin sanyi ta hanyar motsi gaba na ƙasusuwan zygomatic, wanda ya haifar da ƙarar ƙarar sinuses da fuska mai faɗi 65.Wani sabon abin da aka gano daga samfurin mu na homologous shine cewa faɗuwar kunci a cikin Turawa yana da alaƙa da raguwar gangara ta gaba, da kuma kunkuntar ƙasusuwan ido da ƙuƙumma.Sabanin haka, ƴan Arewa maso Gabas suna da goshin goshi da magudanar ruwa da kuma manyan yankuna.Nazarin kashin occipital ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyin morphometric na geometric35 ya nuna cewa skulls na Asiya da na Turai suna da lanƙwasa nuchal da ƙananan matsayi na occiput idan aka kwatanta da 'yan Afirka.Duk da haka, ɓangarorin mu na PC2 da PC4 da PC3 da PC9 nau'i-nau'i sun nuna bambanci mafi girma a cikin Asiya, yayin da Turawa suka kasance suna da tushe mai tushe na occiput da ƙananan occiput.Rashin daidaituwa a cikin halayen Asiya tsakanin karatu na iya kasancewa saboda bambance-bambance a cikin samfuran kabilanci da aka yi amfani da su, yayin da muka zana yawancin ƙungiyoyin kabilanci daga faffadan yanki na Arewa maso Gabas da kudu maso gabashin Asiya.Canje-canje a cikin siffar kashin occipital sau da yawa yana hade da ci gaban tsoka.Duk da haka, wannan bayanin daidaitacce ba ya lissafin alaƙar da ke tsakanin goshi da siffar occiput, wanda aka nuna a cikin wannan binciken amma ba zai yiwu a nuna shi sosai ba.Dangane da wannan, yana da kyau a yi la'akari da alaƙar da ke tsakanin ma'aunin nauyin jiki da tsakiyar nauyi ko junction na mahaifa (foramen magnum) ko wasu dalilai.
Wani muhimmin sashi tare da babban canji yana da alaƙa da haɓaka na'urar masticatory, wanda maxillary da fossae na ɗan lokaci ke wakilta, wanda aka kwatanta ta hanyar haɗin PC6, PC7 da PC4.Waɗannan ragi da aka yi alama a cikin sassan cranial suna kwatanta daidaikun mutanen Turai fiye da kowane rukunin yanki.An fassara wannan fasalin ne sakamakon raguwar kwanciyar hankali na yanayin yanayin fuska saboda farkon haɓaka dabarun aikin gona da shirye-shiryen abinci, wanda hakan ya rage nauyin injin akan na'urar masticatory ba tare da na'urar masticatory mai ƙarfi ba9,12,28,66.Dangane da hasashe na aikin masticatory, 28 wannan yana tare da canji a cikin jujjuyawar gindin kwanyar zuwa kusurwar cranial mafi girma da kuma rufin cranial mai zagaye.Daga wannan hangen nesa, al'ummar noma suna da kamannin fuska, da ƙarancin fitowar ƙwanƙwasa, da ƙarin ƙaho na duniya.Sabili da haka, ana iya bayyana wannan nakasar ta hanyar jigon siffa ta gefe na kwanyar Turawa tare da rage gabobin masticatory.Duk da haka, bisa ga wannan binciken, wannan fassarar yana da wuyar gaske saboda mahimmancin aikin da ke tattare da dangantaka tsakanin globose neurocranium da ci gaban na'urar masticatory ba ta da karɓa, kamar yadda aka yi la'akari da fassarori na baya na PC2.
Bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin mutanen Arewa maso Gabas da Asiyawa na Kudu maso Gabas ana kwatanta su ta bambancin da ke tsakanin doguwar fuska mai gangarewar kashi da kuma gajeriyar fuska mai kunkuntar gindin kwanyar, kamar yadda aka nuna a PC3 da PC9.Saboda rashin bayanan geoecological, bincikenmu yana ba da taƙaitaccen bayani kawai ga wannan binciken.Bayani mai yiwuwa shine daidaitawa zuwa yanayi daban-daban ko yanayin abinci mai gina jiki.Baya ga daidaita yanayin muhalli, an kuma yi la'akari da bambance-bambancen gida a tarihin al'ummomin arewa maso gabas da kudu maso gabashin Asiya.Misali, a gabashin Eurasia, an yi hasashe samfurin Layer Layer biyu don fahimtar tarwatsawar mutane na zamani (AMH) bisa bayanan morphometric cranial67,68.Bisa ga wannan samfurin, "matakin farko", wato, ƙungiyoyin asali na masu mulkin mallaka na Late Pleistocene AMH, suna da fiye ko žasa da zuriyar kai tsaye daga mazaunan yankin, kamar Austro-Melanesian na zamani (p. First stratum)., kuma daga baya sun sami babban haɗe-haɗe na al'ummar noma na arewa waɗanda ke da halayen arewa maso gabashin Asiya (launi na biyu) cikin yankin (kimanin shekaru 4,000 da suka gabata).Za'a buƙaci taswirar taswirar halittu ta amfani da samfurin "Layer biyu" don fahimtar sifar cranial na kudu maso gabashin Asiya, ganin cewa siffar cranial na kudu maso gabashin Asiya na iya dogara da wani bangare akan gadon gado na matakin farko na gida.
Ta hanyar tantance kamanni ta hanyar amfani da raka'o'in yanki da aka tsara ta amfani da ƙirar kamanni, za mu iya fahimtar tarihin yawan jama'a na AMF a cikin al'amuran da ke wajen Afirka.Yawancin nau'o'in "daga Afirka" daban-daban an ba da shawarar don bayyana rarraba AMF bisa ga kwarangwal da bayanan kwayoyin halitta.Daga cikin waɗannan, binciken na baya-bayan nan ya nuna cewa mulkin mallaka na AMH na yankunan da ke wajen Afirka ya fara kusan shekaru 177,000 da suka wuce 69,70.Koyaya, rarraba AMF mai nisa a cikin Eurasia a wannan lokacin ya kasance mara tabbas, tunda wuraren zama na waɗannan burbushin farko sun iyakance ga Gabas ta Tsakiya da Bahar Rum kusa da Afirka.Mafi sauƙaƙan shari'a guda ɗaya ce tare da hanyar ƙaura daga Afirka zuwa Eurasia, ta ketare shingen yanki kamar Himalayas.Wani samfurin kuma yana nuna raƙuman ƙaura da yawa, wanda na farko ya bazu daga Afirka tare da gabar tekun Indiya zuwa kudu maso gabashin Asiya da Ostiraliya, sannan ya bazu zuwa arewacin Eurasia.Yawancin waɗannan binciken sun tabbatar da cewa AMF ya bazu fiye da Afirka kusan shekaru 60,000 da suka wuce.Dangane da wannan, samfuran Australasian-Melanesian (ciki har da Papua) samfuran suna nuna kamanceceniya da samfuran Afirka fiye da kowane jeri na yanki a cikin manyan abubuwan bincike na ƙirar homology.Wannan binciken yana goyan bayan hasashen cewa ƙungiyoyin rarraba AMF na farko tare da gefen kudancin Eurasia sun taso kai tsaye a cikin Afirka22,68 ba tare da sauye-sauyen yanayi ba don mayar da martani ga takamaiman yanayi ko wasu yanayi masu mahimmanci.
Game da haɓakar allometric, bincike ta amfani da sassan sifofi da aka samo daga saitin bayanai daban-daban wanda aka daidaita ta girman centroid ya nuna babban yanayin allometric a cikin PC6 da PC10.Dukansu sassan biyu suna da alaƙa da siffar goshi da sassan fuska, waɗanda ke raguwa yayin da girman kwanyar ke ƙaruwa.Asiyawan arewa maso gabas da Amurkawa suna da wannan siffa kuma suna da manyan kwanyarsu.Wannan binciken ya ci karo da sifofin allometric da aka ruwaito a baya wanda manyan kwakwalwa ke da mafi girman lobes na gaba a cikin abin da ake kira ''Broca's cap'' yankin, wanda ya haifar da ƙara girman lobe na gaba34.Ana bayyana waɗannan bambance-bambance ta hanyar bambance-bambance a cikin samfurori;Nazarin mu yayi nazarin tsarin allometric na girman cranial gabaɗaya ta amfani da yawan jama'a na zamani, kuma nazarin kwatancen yana magance abubuwan da suka daɗe a cikin juyin halittar ɗan adam mai alaƙa da girman kwakwalwa.
Dangane da allometry na fuska, binciken daya ta hanyar amfani da data biometric78 ya gano cewa siffar fuska da girmanta na iya dangana kadan, yayin da bincikenmu ya gano cewa manyan kwanyoyin kan kasance suna hade da tsayi, kunkuntar fuska.Koyaya, daidaiton bayanan biometric ba shi da tabbas;Gwaje-gwajen jujjuyawar kwatankwacin allometry na ontogenetic da kuma a tsaye suna nuna sakamako daban-daban.An kuma bayar da rahoton wani hali na allometric zuwa siffar kwanyar mai siffar zobe saboda karuwar tsayi;duk da haka, ba mu bincika bayanan tsayi ba.Bincikenmu ya nuna cewa babu wani bayanan allometric da ke nuna alaƙa tsakanin ma'auni na cranial globular da cikakken girman cranial kowane se.
Ko da yake bincikenmu na yanzu bai kula da bayanai game da sauye-sauye na waje waɗanda ke wakilta ta yanayin yanayi ko yanayin abinci waɗanda ke da yuwuwar yin tasiri ga ƙwayoyin cuta na cranial, manyan bayanan da aka yi amfani da su na 3D cranial surface model da aka yi amfani da su a cikin wannan binciken zai taimaka wajen kimanta bambancin yanayin yanayin yanayin halitta.Abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli kamar abinci, yanayi da yanayin abinci mai gina jiki, da kuma ƙarfin tsaka-tsaki kamar ƙaura, kwararar kwayoyin halitta da ɗigon kwayoyin halitta.
Wannan binciken ya haɗa da samfurori 342 na kwanyar maza da aka tattara daga yawan jama'a 148 a cikin sassan 9 (Table 1).Yawancin ƙungiyoyin samfuran asali ne na yanki, yayin da wasu ƙungiyoyi a Afirka, Arewa maso Gabas/Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya da Amurka (wanda aka jera a cikin rubutun) an fassara su ta kabilanci.An zaɓi samfuran cranial da yawa daga bayanan ma'aunin cranial bisa ga ma'anar ma'aunin ma'aunin Martin da Tsunehiko Hanihara ya bayar.Mun zaɓi ƙwan kai na maza daga kowane ƙabilu a duniya.Don gano membobin kowace ƙungiya, mun ƙididdige nisan Euclidean bisa ma'auni 37 na cranial daga ƙungiyar ma'ana ga duk waɗanda ke cikin wannan rukunin.A mafi yawan lokuta, mun zaɓi samfuran 1-4 tare da mafi ƙarancin nisa daga ma'ana (Ƙarin Teburin S4).Ga waɗannan ƙungiyoyi, an zaɓi wasu samfurori ba da gangan ba idan ba a jera su a cikin ma'auni na Hahara ba.
Don kwatanta ƙididdiga, samfuran yawan jama'a 148 an haɗa su cikin manyan sassan yanki, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Table 1. Ƙungiyar "Afirka" ta ƙunshi kawai samfurori daga yankin Saharar Sahara.An haɗa samfurori daga Arewacin Afirka a cikin "Gabas ta Tsakiya" tare da samfurori daga yammacin Asiya tare da irin wannan yanayi.Ƙungiyar Arewa maso Gabashin Asiya ta haɗa da mutanen da ba na Turai ba ne kawai, kuma ƙungiyar Amirka ta ƙunshi 'yan asalin Amirkawa kawai.Musamman ma, an rarraba wannan rukuni a kan wani yanki mai faɗi na nahiyoyi Arewa da Kudancin Amirka, a cikin yanayi iri-iri.Duk da haka, muna la'akari da samfurin Amurka a cikin wannan yanki guda ɗaya, idan aka ba da tarihin alƙaluman jama'ar Amirkawa da ake la'akari da su daga asalin Arewa maso Gabashin Asiya, ba tare da la'akari da ƙaura 80 ba.
Mun yi rikodin bayanan saman 3D na waɗannan samfuran kwanyar da suka bambanta ta amfani da na'urar daukar hotan takardu na 3D mai girma (EinScan Pro ta Shining 3D Co Ltd, ƙaramin ƙuduri: 0.5 mm, https://www.shining3d.com/) sannan kuma ya haifar da raga.Samfurin raga ya ƙunshi kusan 200,000-400,000 ingi, kuma ana amfani da software da aka haɗa don cike ramuka da santsi.
A mataki na farko, mun yi amfani da bayanan bincike daga kowane kwanyar don ƙirƙirar ƙirar kwanyar raga mai ƙira guda ɗaya wanda ya ƙunshi madaidaitan 4485 (fuskoki 8728 polygonal).Tushen yankin kwanyar, wanda ya ƙunshi kashi sphenoid, ƙashi na ɗan lokaci, palate, maxillary alveoli, da hakora, an cire shi daga samfurin ragamar samfuri.Dalili kuwa shi ne cewa waɗannan sifofi wasu lokuta ba su cika ko wuya a kammala su ba saboda sirara ko siraran sassa masu kaifi kamar su saman pterygoid da matakai na styloid, lalacewan hakori da/ko saitin haƙora marasa daidaituwa.Tushen kwanyar da ke kusa da magnum na foramen, ciki har da tushe, ba a sake gyara shi ba saboda wannan wuri ne mai mahimmanci na jiki don wurin haɗin gwiwar mahaifa kuma dole ne a tantance tsayin kwanyar.Yi amfani da zoben madubi don samar da samfuri mai ma'ana a ɓangarorin biyu.Yi meshing isotropic don juyar da sifofin polygonal don zama daidai gwargwado gwargwadon yiwuwa.
Bayan haka, an sanya alamun ƙasa guda 56 zuwa ga madaidaicin madaidaicin ƙirar samfurin ta amfani da software na HBM-Rugle.Saitunan alamar ƙasa suna tabbatar da daidaito da kwanciyar hankali na matsayi na ƙasa da kuma tabbatar da ƙayyadaddun waɗannan wuraren a cikin ƙirar homology da aka samar.Ana iya gano su bisa takamaiman halayensu, kamar yadda aka nuna a Ƙarin Tebura S5 da Ƙarin Hoto S3.Dangane da ma'anar Bookstein81, yawancin waɗannan alamomin alamomin Nau'in I ne waɗanda ke tsaka-tsakin gine-gine uku, wasu kuma alamomin Nau'in II ne tare da madaidaicin madaidaicin.Yawancin alamomin ƙasa an canza su daga wuraren da aka ayyana don ma'aunin cranial na madaidaiciya a cikin ma'anar Martin 36. Mun ayyana alamomi guda 56 iri ɗaya don ƙirar ƙira 342 na kwanyar kai, waɗanda aka sanya su da hannu zuwa gaɓoɓin da suka dace don samar da ingantattun samfuran homology a sashe na gaba.
An bayyana tsarin haɗin kai na kai-tsaki don kwatanta bayanan duba da samfuri, kamar yadda aka nuna a Ƙarin Hoto S4.Jirgin sama na XZ shine jirgin saman kwance na Frankfurt wanda ke wucewa ta wurin mafi girma (ma'anar Martin: sashi) na babban gefen hagu da dama na magudanar sauti na waje da mafi ƙasƙanci (ma'anar Martin: orbit) na ƙananan gefen hagu na kewayawa na hagu. ..Axis X shine layin da ke haɗa gefen hagu da dama, kuma X+ shine gefen dama.Jirgin YZ yana wucewa ta tsakiyar sassan hagu da dama da kuma tushen hanci: Y+ sama, Z+ gaba.An saita ma'anar tunani (asalin: sifili coordinate) a mahadar jirgin YZ (midplane), jirgin XZ (jirgin sama na Frankfort) da jirgin XY (jirgin sama na corona).
Mun yi amfani da software na HBM-Rugle (Medic Engineering, Kyoto, http://www.rugle.co.jp/) don ƙirƙira samfurin raga mai kama da juna ta hanyar daidaita samfuri ta amfani da maki 56 (gefen hagu na Hoto 1).Babban bangaren software, wanda Cibiyar Nazarin Dan Adam ta Dijital ta samo asali a Cibiyar Cigaban Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Masana'antu a Japan, ana kiranta HBM kuma tana da ayyuka don dacewa da samfura ta amfani da alamomin ƙasa da ƙirƙirar samfuran raga masu kyau ta amfani da rarrabuwa saman82.Sigar software ta gaba (mHBM) 83 ta ƙara fasali don dacewa da ƙirar ba tare da alamun ƙasa don haɓaka aikin dacewa ba.HBM-Rugle yana haɗa software na mHBM tare da ƙarin fasalulluka na abokantaka gami da keɓance tsarin daidaitawa da sake girman bayanan shigarwa.An tabbatar da amincin dacewa da software a cikin bincike da yawa52,54,55,56,57,58,59,60.
Lokacin shigar da samfuri na HBM-Rugle ta amfani da alamomin ƙasa, samfurin ragar samfur ɗin yana dogara akan bayanan binciken da aka yi niyya ta tsayayyen rajista bisa fasahar ICP (raƙanta jimlar nisa tsakanin alamomin da suka dace da samfuri da bayanan binciken manufa), kuma sa'an nan ta hanyar rashin m nakasawa na raga yana daidaita samfurin zuwa bayanan binciken da aka yi niyya.An maimaita wannan tsarin dacewa sau uku ta amfani da ƙima daban-daban na sigogin dacewa guda biyu don inganta daidaiton dacewa.Ɗayan waɗannan sigogi yana iyakance tazara tsakanin samfurin grid na samfuri da bayanan sikanin manufa, ɗayan kuma yana ladabtar da nisa tsakanin alamomin samfuri da alamomin manufa.Sa'an nan kuma aka raba naƙasar ƙirar ƙirar raga ta amfani da tsarin juzu'i na cyclic 82 algorithm don ƙirƙirar ƙarin ingantaccen tsarin raga wanda ya ƙunshi madaidaiciya 17,709 (34,928 polygons).A ƙarshe, ƙirar grid ɗin samfuri da aka raba ya dace da bayanan binciken da aka yi niyya don samar da samfurin homology.Tun da wuraren da ke da alamar sun ɗan bambanta da waɗanda ke cikin bayanan binciken da aka yi niyya, ƙirar homology an daidaita shi sosai don siffanta su ta amfani da tsarin daidaitawa na shugaban da aka kwatanta a sashe na baya.Matsakaicin tazara tsakanin daidaitattun alamomin ƙirar ƙima da bayanan sikanin manufa a cikin duk samfuran shine <0.01 mm.An ƙididdige ta ta amfani da aikin HBM-Rugle, matsakaicin tazara tsakanin maki bayanan ƙirar homology da bayanan binciken manufa shine 0.322 mm (Ƙarin Tebura S2).
Don yin bayani game da canje-canje a cikin ilimin halittar jiki, 17,709 vertices (53,127 XYZ coordinates) na duk nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nazarin halittu an bincika su ta amfani da software na HBS wanda Cibiyar Kimiyyar Dan Adam ta Dijital ta kirkira a Cibiyar Ci gaban Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Masana'antu., Japan (dila mai rarrabawa: Medic Engineering, Kyoto, http://www.rugle.co.jp/).Daga nan mun yi ƙoƙarin yin amfani da PCA zuwa saitin bayanai marasa al'ada da saitin bayanan da aka daidaita ta girman centroid.Don haka, PCA bisa ƙayyadaddun bayanai na iya ƙara fayyace sifar cranial na raka'o'in ƙasa guda tara da sauƙaƙe fassarar sassa fiye da PCA ta amfani da daidaitattun bayanai.
Wannan labarin yana gabatar da adadin manyan abubuwan da aka gano tare da gudummawar fiye da 1% na jimlar bambance-bambancen.Don ƙayyade manyan abubuwan da suka fi tasiri a cikin bambance-bambancen ƙungiyoyi a cikin manyan raka'o'in yanki, an yi amfani da nazarin halayen mai karɓar aiki (ROC) zuwa maki na farko (PC) tare da gudunmawar fiye da 2% 84 .Wannan bincike yana haifar da lanƙwan yuwuwar kowane ɓangaren PCA don haɓaka aikin rarrabuwa da kwatanta filaye daidai tsakanin ƙungiyoyin yanki.Za a iya tantance matakin ikon nuna wariya ta yankin da ke ƙarƙashin lanƙwasa (AUC), inda abubuwan PCA masu girma da ƙima suka fi iya nuna bambanci tsakanin ƙungiyoyi.Sannan an yi gwajin chi-square don tantance matakin mahimmanci.An yi nazarin ROC a cikin Microsoft Excel ta amfani da Bell Curve don software na Excel (version 3.21).
Don ganin bambance-bambancen yanki a cikin ilimin halittar jiki, an ƙirƙiri ɓangarorin watsawa ta amfani da maki PC waɗanda suka fi dacewa da bambanta ƙungiyoyi daga manyan sassan yanki.Don fassara ainihin abubuwan da aka haɗa, yi amfani da taswirar launi don ganin ƙirar ƙira waɗanda ke da alaƙa sosai da manyan abubuwan haɗin gwiwa.Bugu da ƙari, an ƙididdige wakilcin kama-da-wane na ƙarshen manyan gaturan abubuwan da ke a ±3 daidaitattun karkatattun ma'auni (SD) na manyan makin abubuwan da aka ƙididdige su kuma an gabatar da su a cikin ƙarin bidiyon.
Anyi amfani da allometry don tantance alakar da ke tsakanin siffar kwanyar da abubuwan girman da aka tantance a cikin nazarin PCA.Binciken yana aiki don manyan abubuwan haɗin gwiwa tare da gudummawa> 1%.Iyaka ɗaya na wannan PCA shine abubuwan da aka gyara siffa ba za su iya nuna siffa ɗaya ɗaya ba saboda saitin bayanan da ba na al'ada ba ya cire duk abubuwan da suka dace.Baya ga amfani da saitin bayanan da ba a saba ba, mun kuma yi nazarin abubuwan da ke faruwa na allometric ta amfani da saitin ɓangarorin PC dangane da daidaitattun bayanan girman centroid da aka yi amfani da su ga manyan abubuwan haɗin gwiwa tare da gudummawa> 1%.
An gwada yanayin allometric ta amfani da ma'auni Y = aXb 85 inda Y shine siffa ko rabon sifa, X shine girman centroid (Ƙarin Tebura S2), ƙima ne akai-akai, kuma b shine ƙirar allometric.Wannan hanyar a zahiri tana gabatar da karatun haɓakar allometric zuwa cikin morphometry na geometric78,86.Canjin logarithmic na wannan dabara shine: log Y = b × log X + log a.An yi amfani da nazarin koma baya ta amfani da mafi ƙanƙanta hanyar murabba'i don ƙididdige a da b.Lokacin da Y (girman centroid) da X (makiyoyin PC) suka canza cikin logarithmically, dole ne waɗannan ƙimar su kasance masu inganci;duk da haka, saitin ƙididdiga na X ya ƙunshi ƙima mara kyau.A matsayin mafita, mun ƙara zagaye zuwa cikakkiyar ƙimar ƙaramin juzu'i da 1 ga kowane juzu'i a cikin kowane ɓangaren kuma mun yi amfani da canjin logarithmic zuwa duk juzu'i masu inganci.An tantance mahimmancin ƙididdiga masu ƙima ta amfani da gwajin T Student mai wutsiya biyu.Waɗannan ƙididdiga na ƙididdiga don gwada haɓakar allometric an yi su ta amfani da Bell Curves a cikin software na Excel (Sigar 3.21).
Wolpoff, MH Yanayi na Yanayi akan hancin kwarangwal.Ee.J. Phys.Dan Adam.29, 405-423.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330290315 (1968).
Beals, KL Head siffar da yanayin yanayi.Ee.J. Phys.Dan Adam.37, 85-92.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330370111 (1972).
Lokacin aikawa: Afrilu-02-2024