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Wannan binciken ya kimanta bambancin yanayin ɗabi'a na yanki ta amfani da wani samfurin Homology Misology wanda ya danganta da bayanai daga kabilu 148 a duniya. Wannan hanyar tana amfani da fasaha mai dacewa don samar da gyaran homologus ta hanyar yin canje-canje mara nisa mafi kusa. Ta hanyar amfani da babban bincike na bincike game da samfuran 'yan asalin 342, mafi girma canji a cikin girman ƙirar da aka tabbatar da ƙaramin kwanyar daga Kudancin Asiya. Babban bambanci na biyu shine tsawon zuwa rabo daga Neurocanium, yana nuna bambanci tsakanin kwanyar Afirka da kuma abubuwan gunnakin da suke convel na Arewa maso gabas. Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa wannan sinadaran yana da kadan da yin fushin fuska. Sanannen fa'idodin fushin kamar cheeks a arewa maso gabashin mutanen arewa maso gabas AS arewaans. Wadannan canje-canje na fuska suna da alaƙa da kwararo na kwanyar, musamman da karkatar da ƙwararrun ƙasusuwa da ɗabi'u. An samo tsarin Allometric a fuskokin fuskoki na dangi da girman kwanyar gaba ɗaya; A mafi girma kwanyar fushin gyaran fuska suna da tsayi da kunkuntar, kamar yadda aka nuna a yawancin 'yan asalin Amurkawa da arewa masoya Asiya da arewa masoya. Kodayake bincikenmu bai haɗa da bayanai game da masu canji na muhalli da ke iya tasiri ga ilimin halittar jiki ba, kamar yanayin kayan masarufi zai zama da amfani wajen neman bayanai daban-daban don sifofin fasali na kwarangwal.
Rashin daidaituwa na kasa a cikin siffar ɗan adam kwanyar an daɗe. Yawancin masu bincike sun kimanta bambancin daidaitawa da / ko zaɓi na zahiri, musamman abin da ke faruwa a kan yanayin abinci5,8,9,10, 11,12. 13.. Bugu da kari, wasu nazarin sun mai da hankali kan tasirin Bastleneck, kwararar kwayoyin halitta, ko tafiyar matakai na zamani wanda ya haifar da tsakaitattun halittun halittu14,15,17,20,22,23,22,22,22,23,22,22,23,22,22,22,22,22,22,23,22,22,22,22,22,23 Misali, an bayyana siffar perphical na fadi da kuma karbuwa ta cranial ta zama mukamin matsin lamba a cewar Allen kusa da asarar zafi a cikin girman jikin mutum da girma zuwa sama da kima na Allen dangane da asarar zafi a cikin girma a cikin girma a cikin girma . Bugu da ƙari, wasu nazarin amfani da Rundunar Bergmann ta amfani da dangantakar da ke tsakanin zafin jiki da zazzabi gaba ɗaya ya fi girma a cikin yankuna masu sanyi don hana asarar zafi. Tasirin abin da ya shafi damuwa game da matsanancin tashin hankali a kan tsarin girma na vault da fuskoki da ke tsakanin manoma da mafarauci-gatherers ,,9,11,12,28,28. Gaba daya bayani shine cewa ya rage yawan cheating matsin lamba rage wuya kasusuwa da tsokoki. Yawancin nazarin duniya sun danganta da bambancin ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwanƙwasawa da farko zuwa sakamakon fannonin halittar tsararren halittar (,29,30,31,32. Wani bayani game da canje-canje a cikin tsarin kwanyar an dogara ne da manufar isometric ko girma na Allometric 4,33,35. Misali, mafi girma kwakwalwar tana jin daɗin lobes na gaba a cikin abin da ake kira yankin da ake kira, tsari na gaba yana ƙaruwa, tsari na gaba da aka ɗauka bisa ga tushen Allometric. Ari ga haka, binciken na bincika canje-canje na dogon lokaci a cikin tsarin kwanyar zuwa Brachycephataly zuwa Brachycephaly (hali na kwanyar ya zama mafi m) tare da ƙara tsawo) tare da ƙara tsawo) tare da ƙara tsawo na 33.
Longarin tarihin bincike cikin ilimin halittar cuta ya hada da kokarin gano abubuwanda ke da alhakin bangarorin da ke da alhakin bambance-bambancen sifofin fasahar. Hanyoyin gargajiya da aka yi amfani da su a farkon farkon farkon farkon farkon farkon farkon na Pinear a matsayin Ma'anar ma'aunin layi, galibi suna amfani da Martin auna ko Howell Ma'anar 36,37. At the same time, many of the above-mentioned studies used more advanced methods based on spatial 3D geometric morphometry (GM) technology5,7,10,11,12,13,17,20,27,34,35,38. 39. Misali, hanyar Semilandmarkarkmarkmarkmarkark, dangane da rage karfin makamashi, an saba amfani da ita a cikin ilmin halitta na Transgenics. It projects semi-landmarks of the template onto each sample by sliding along a curve or surface38,40,41,42,43,44,45,46. Ciki har da irin wadannan hanyoyin superposition, mafi yawan karatun gm 3D na amfani da bincike na Bayar da Siffiyya, na ICP) Algorithm 47 don ba da damar kai tsaye game da fasali da kama canje-canje. A madadin haka, farantin farantin zamani (TPS) ana amfani da ita sosai a matsayin hanyar canji na Semilandmarkments.
Tare da ci gaban duban mutum na rayuwa mai mahimmanci tun ƙarshen karni na 20, karatuttukan da yawa sun yi amfani da sikirin 3D duka na jiki don matakan girmansu ,,51. An yi amfani da bayanan binciken don cire girman jikin, wanda ke buƙatar bayyana siffofin saman kamar yadda manyan girgije. Tsarin tsari shine dabarar da aka haɓaka don wannan dalili a fagen zane-zane na kwamfuta, inda aka bayyana siffar farfajiya ta samfurin polygonal. Mataki na farko a cikin abubuwan da suka dace shine shirya tsarin raga don amfani dashi azaman samfuri. Wasu daga cikin hanyoyin da suke yin tsari sune alamun ƙasa. Shamplate ne to sai a yanke hukunci a kan farfajiya don rage nisa tsakanin samfuri da kuma muni yayin da yake adana sifofin yanki na samfuri. Alamomin ƙasa a cikin samfuri zuwa alamun alamun ƙasa a cikin babbanacin girgije. Ta amfani da dacewa da dacewar samfuri, ana iya bayyana bayanan binciken azaman ƙirar raga tare da adadin maki iri ɗaya da wannan ilimin. Kodayake ingantaccen homaly ya wanzu ne kawai a cikin filayen ƙasa, ana iya ɗauka cewa akwai homologyrogy na asali tun lokacin da canje-canje na lissafi ƙanana ne. Saboda haka, Grid modists wanda aka kirkira da shafi shafi, wani lokacin ana kiransa da akidar homology modols52. Amfanin wanda ya dace shi ne cewa za a iya tantance samfuri kuma an daidaita shi da sassa daban-daban na abin da aka yi niyya da yankin Zygomic da Yankin Zygomatic da kuma yankin Zygomatic na kwanyar. wasu. rashin adalci. Ta wannan hanyar, ana iya samun samfuri don yin jingina kamar stros ko hannu, tare da kafada a matsayi mai tsaye. Rashin kyawun da ya dace da kayan samfuri shine mafi farashin lissafi na maimaita tasirin aiki, duk da haka, godiya ga mahimmancin ci gaba a aikin kwamfuta, wannan ba batun bane. Ta hanyar yin nazarin dabi'un da ke yin samfurin raga samfurin ta amfani da dabarun bincike da yawa (PCA), yana yiwuwa a bincika canje-canje na tsari da kuma ƙayyadadden tsari a kowane matsayi a cikin rarraba. za a iya karba. Lissafta da gani53. Nowadays, mesh models generated by template fitting are widely used in shape analysis in various fields52,54,55,56,57,58,59,60.
Ci gaban a cikin fasahar da ke amfani da fasahar MISTIble mai sauyawa, tare da saurin na'urorin bincike na sikelin 3D da ke da ƙarfi fiye da CT, saurin, da motsi sama da bayanan 3D ba tare da la'akari da yanayin ba. Don haka, a fagen ilimin halittu ilimin halittu, irin wadannan sabbin hanyoyin haɓaka haɓaka ikon yin ƙididdigar da ƙididdigar ƙamus, ciki har da samfuran kwanyar, wanda shine manufar wannan binciken, wanda shine dalilin wannan binciken.
A takaice, wannan binciken yana amfani da fasaha mai samar da zane na 3D dangane da samfuri na zamani (Hoto 1) don kimanta mahimman samfuran 342 a duniya ta hanyar layin yanki a duk faɗin ƙasa. Banbancin cranial ilimin halittar (Table 1). Don yin lissafi don canje-canje a cikin jikin mutum a cikin jikin mutum, muna amfani da PCCA da halayyar mai aiki (RO) mai ƙididdigar bayanan ƙirar oremology samfurin da muka fito dashi. Batun za su ba da gudummawa ga ingantacciyar fahimtar canje-canje a duniya a cikin ilimin halittar duniya, ciki har da tsarin canjin yanki da rage tsari tsakanin sassan yanki, da kuma kasancewar sasantawa. Kodayake wannan binciken ba ya magance bayanai game da masu canji na abubuwan da ba'a wakilta a cikin binciken mu zai taimaka wajen bincika yanayin rayuwarmu ba, da abubuwan da kwayoyin halitta na bambance bambancen yanayi.
Tebur 2 ya nuna Egenvices da kuma abubuwan haɗin PCA da aka ba da izini ga bayanan da aka ba da izini na bayanan 17,709 (5397 XYZ kwanyar ƙwallon ƙafa 342. A sakamakon haka, an gano manyan abubuwan da aka ba da gudummawa, da ga jimlar bambance-bambancen da suka karanci sama da 1%, kuma jimlar bambancin ɗan shekara 83.68%. Ana yin rikodin da kayan aikin da ake amfani da shi a cikin ƙarin zaɓuɓɓuka na S1, kuma an ƙididdige ɓangaren katako don samfuran ƙwayoyin kwaniyar 342 a cikin ƙarin ƙarin tebur S2.
Wannan binciken ya ƙayyade manyan abubuwan haɗin guda tara tare da gudummawa sama da 2%, wasu daga cikinsu suna nuna mahimman bambance bambancen yanki da mahimman ƙasa. Hoto na 2 mãkirci suna haifar da bincike na ROC don nuna ingantattun kayan haɗin PCCA don halayyar kowane haɗin samfuran Afirka (misali, tsakanin ƙasashen Afirka da ba na ƙasar Asiya). Ba a gwada hadewar Polynesian ba saboda ƙananan girman samfurin da aka yi amfani da shi a wannan gwajin. Bayani game da mahimmancin bambance-bambance a cikin Auc da sauran ƙididdiga na asali da aka lissafta ta amfani da binciken RO ana nuna su a cikin Wurin karin haske S3.
Anyi amfani da ROC zuwa tsarin bangarorin tara tara bisa tsarin aikin verex wanda ya ƙunshi ƙwayoyin jikin mutum 342 na maza. Auc: yankin da ke ƙarƙashin Curve a 0.01% mahimmancin bambancin kowane haɗin yanki daga sauran haɗuwa. TPF gaskiya ne tabbatacce (ingantacciyar wariya), FPF ce ƙarya mai gaskiya (rashin daidaituwa).
Fassarar da Roc Curve an taƙaita su a ƙasa, mai da hankali ne kawai akan abubuwan da ke cikin kwatancen da ke da girma ko kuma babban matakin mahimmanci tare da yiwuwar 0.001. A halin Asiya na Kudu (Fig. 2a), ya ƙunshi mahimmancin samfurori daga wannan kayan haɗi na farko (0.856) ya kwatanta da sauran abubuwan haɗin. Wani fasalin hadaddun na Afirka (Fig. 2b) shine babban babban a cikin PC2 (0.834). Austro-Melaneansawa (Fig .C 2C 2C) sun nuna irin wannan yanayin zuwa Saharar African African ta Mia PC2 tare da babban farko auuc (0.759). Turawa (Fig.) A bayyane yake a hadewar PC2 (Auc = 0.801), samfurin Asiya (auc. 2e) ya bambanta sosai daga PC4, tare da ɗan arewa maso yamma (Fig.) mafi girma 0.714, da bambanci daga PC3 na da rauni (auc = 0.688). An kuma gano kungiyoyin masu zuwa tare da matakan ƙimar AUC da matakan mahimmanci: Sakamakon PC7 (Auc = 0.654) da PC1 (auc = 0.6449) tare da takamaiman Halayen da ke hade da waɗannan abubuwan haɗin, kudu maso gabas (Fig. 2G) a cikin PC3 (Auch = 0.663) da kuma PC9 (auch) da kuma Arewacin Gabas (Big.). Idan aka kwatanta da wasu akwai bambanci sosai.
A mataki na gaba, don gani yana nuna Vertices, wuraren da suke da kyau tare da X, Y, yankin da aka nuna a cikin Hoto na 3. Yankin ja yana nuna babban haɗin kai tare da X-Axis daidaitawa, wanda ya dace da madaidaiciyar shugabanci. Yankin kore yana da alaƙa sosai tare da daidaitaccen a tsaye na da y axis, kuma yanki mai duhu launin shuɗi yana da alaƙa sosai tare da daidaitaccen tsarin Sagittal na z axis. Yankin Blue mai haske yana da alaƙa da gxinan yayan da zuwa na zuwa; Pink - yanki mai gauraye hade da Ax da X da Zuwa; Rawaye - Yankin da aka danganta shi da X da Y Gudanar Axoli; Yankin farin farin ya ƙunshi X, Y da Z daidaita Axis wanda aka nuna. Saboda haka, a wannan nauyin darajar kaya, PC 1 ya fi dacewa da duk faɗin kwanyar. Tsarin kwanyar zabin 3 SD a gefe na wannan kayan haɗin, an gabatar da hotunan da aka yi a ciki don ganin PC1 ya tabbatar da cewa PC1 yana tabbatar da cewa PC1 ya tabbatar da abubuwan da aka tsara.
Rage rarraba PC1 scve (Tsarin Fitar Matsakaici), Taswirar Launi na Dogon Sulos (Bayanin Launin Launin SP1 shine 3 SD na 50 mm.
Hoto na 3 yana nuna tsarin rarraba mitoci na mitoci na yau da kullun) na mutum PC1 scores da aka lissafta daban don raka'a 9. Baya ga kimantawa na ROC na ROC (Hoto na 2), kimanta kudaden Asus suna zuwa wani mahimman abubuwa masu mahimmanci saboda sauran rukuninsu na yanki. Kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Tebur 1, waɗannan Asiya ta Kudu suna wakiltar kabilu a cikin Indiya ciki har da tsibirin da Nicobar tsibiran da Nicobar, tsibirin Nicobar, Sri Lanka da Bangladesh.
An samo ingantaccen nauyi a PC1. Gano sosai yankuna da kuma siffofi da sifofi ya haifar da elucidation na abubuwan da suka dace don abubuwan da ba su da pc1; Koyaya, abubuwan da suka dace ba a kawar dasu gaba ɗaya. Kamar yadda aka nuna ta hanyar kwatanta da ROC Curves (Hoto na 2), PC2 da PC4 sun kasance mafi wariya, tare da PC6 da PC7. PC3 da PC9 suna da tasiri sosai a rarraba samfurin samfurin cikin raka'an yanki. Don haka, waɗannan nau'ikan kayan haɗin kayan haɗin tsari suna nuna ma'anar watsar da PC da manyan launuka masu ƙarfi tare da kowane bangaren pc tare da kowane bangare na gaban ɓangarorin 3 SD (Fig. 4, 5). Kamfanin Convel Hull na samfurori daga kowane yanki naúrar naúrar ya wakilci a cikin waɗannan dabarun kusan kashi 90%, kodayake akwai wasu mataki na gungu a cikin gungu. Tebur 3 yana ba da bayani game da kowane ɓangaren pca.
Warshe na PC2 da PC4 scores ga cranial mutane daga tara raka'a guda tara (saman), plots na kananan ƙwallon ƙafa mai ƙarfi da kowane PC (dangi da X, Y, Z). Bayanin launi na gatari: Duba rubutu), da kuma nakasar fam na kwastomomi a gaban waɗannan gatari shine 3 SD. Sikelin wani yanki ne mai kore tare da diamita na 50 mm.
Wuraka PC6 da PC7 scores ga cronial mutane daga yanki na yanki tara (ƙasa), kusurwoyin launi biyu don haɗin kai mai ƙarfi tare da kowane PC (dangi da X, Y, Z). Bayanin launi na gatari: Duba rubutu), da kuma nakasar fam na kwastomomi a gaban waɗannan gatari shine 3 SD. Sikelin wani yanki ne mai kore tare da diamita na 50 mm.
Watsar da PC3 da PC9 scores ga Cranial mutane daga yanki na Geographic : cm. Rubutu), kazalika da kamannin nakasar kamuwa a gefe na waɗannan axes tare da girma na 3 SD. Sikelin wani yanki ne mai kore tare da diamita na 50 mm.
A cikin jadawalin nuna kwatancen PC2 da PC4 (Fig. S2, Tasirin launi na farfajiya), wanda ke nuna hotunan dumbin gaske), wanda ke nuna hotuna masu kyau sama da 0.4, wanda yake ƙasa da PC1 saboda PC2 darajar jimlar nauyin ba shi da ƙasa da a PC1.
Elongation na gaba da Oxpipital lobes a cikin shugabanci na Sagittal tare da Z-Axis (Red) da lobe) da kuma z-axis na oper) da Z-axis na goshi (shuɗi mai duhu). Wannan jadawalin yana nuna yawan mutane ga duk mutane a duniya; Koyaya, lokacin da aka nuna duk samfuran da ke kunshe da adadi mai yawa na ƙungiyoyi a lokaci guda, fassarar samfuran watsa suna da wuya saboda yawan adadin overlap; Sabili da haka, daga ɗakunan yanki guda huɗu ne (watau na Afirka, Austassia-Malalanes, Turai, da kuma arewa maso gabas ASIA), samfurori na karkacewa a ƙasa a cikin wannan kewayon PC ɗin. A adadi, PC2 da PC4 nau'i-nau'i nau'i-nau'i ne. African Afirka da na Austro-Melaneaneans sun mamaye abubuwa da dama kuma ana rarraba su zuwa gefen dama, yayin da Turawa suka watse zuwa babba da na hagu da arewa maso gabashin Asiya suna duban gungu zuwa ƙananan hagu. A kwance a kwance na PC2 ya nuna cewa Melaneansan ƙasar Afirka / Ostiraliya suna da mafi tsayi na neurocanium fiye da sauran mutane. PC4, wanda asalin Asiya da arewa maso gabas an rabu da su, yana da alaƙa da girman dangi da tsinkaya na zygomatic da kuma ƙarshen kwatsam na Calvarium. Tsarin bincike ya nuna cewa Turnasan Turai suna da ƙasusuwa mafi tsallakewa, lokacin da arewa maso gabashin zygatic . Lebela na gaba yana karkata, gindin kashin Opripitalistalitali ya tashe.
A lokacin da mai da hankali akan PC6 da PC7 (Fig. 5) (karin hotuna bidiyo yana nuna hotunan ƙimar PC6, wanda ke nuna cewa motocin PC6, wanda ke nuna alamar ƙimar PC6 ko Mahimmanci na Morphary ko Alverolary ko Alveolary Morphology ko Alveolary Morphology ko Alveolary Morphology ko Alveolary Morphology ko Alveolary Morphold (Red: X Axis da kore). Y Baya ga nisa (ja: X-Axis), PC7 kuma yana daidaita tare da tsayin daka na ANGIS (launin shuɗi) da Z-Axis kan yankin Pariton. A cikin saman kwamiti na adadi 5, an rarraba duk samfuran yanki gwargwadon tsarin PC6 da PC7 scorents. Saboda Roc yana nuna cewa PCO ya ƙunshi fasali na musamman fasali ne na Amurka a cikin wannan bincike, an zaɓi waɗannan samfuran yanki biyu a kan wannan bincike. Amurkawa na asali, kodayake an haɗa su a cikin samfurin, sun warwatse a saman kusurwar hagu; Conversely, samfuran Turai da yawa suna iya zama a cikin ƙananan kusurwar dama. Biyu PC6 da PC7 suna wakiltar kunkuntar alveolar da kuma babban yanki na Turawa, yayin da Amurkawa suna sanannun goshin, girma da kuma ƙugiya da triplal alveolar.
Bincike na ROC ya nuna cewa PC3 da / ko PC9 gama gari a kudu maso gabas da arewacin Asiya. Dangane da maki biyu PC3 (Green babba Face a kan y-Axis) da PC9s) da hotunan y-Axis) (Fig.) Suna ba da bambancin masoya na Gabas) suna nuna mahimman asians. , wanda ya bambanta sosai tare da babban fuskoki na arewa maso gabashin Areaas da kuma ƙarancin fuskarka na kudu maso gabashin Asiya. Bayan waɗannan siffofin fushin fuska, wasu halayyar wasu arewa maso gabas shine lambda na ƙashin ƙiyayya, yayin da wasu Tsibirin kudu maso gabashin Asiya suna da kunshin kwanyar.
The sama bayanin na manyan abubuwan da aka gyara da kuma bayanin PC5 da PC8 sun tsallake saboda babu takamaiman halaye na yanki da aka samo a cikin manyan raka'a tara. PC5 yana nufin girman mafi girman mastiid na kashin baya na kasusuwa, da PC8 yana nuna asymmetry na ƙwararrun kwandawa gabaɗaya, duka biyu suna nuna bambancin ɗanyayyen yanki tsakanin adadin kayan yanki na tara.
Baya ga watsar da PCA-Level Scores, muna kuma samar da watsar da rukuni na mahimman rukuni don kwatancen gaba ɗaya. Har zuwa wannan, an ƙirƙiri matsakaiciyar ilimin ubogical samfurin da aka kirkira daga tsarin bayanan 'yan uwan juna na mutum-uku daga kabilu 148. BIVarita makircin ci na PC2 da PC4, PC6 da PC9 da PC6 da PC6 da PC9 da PC9 da PC9 da PC9 samfurin S1, duk an lasafta su kamar yadda matsakaicin kwanyar mutane 148. Ta wannan hanyar, watsar da watsawa ya ɓoye bambance-bambancen mutum a cikin kowane rukuni, ba da izinin bayyananniyar wahala kamuwa saboda ingantattun abubuwan da aka nuna tare da makircin mutum da ƙasa da ƙasa. Addentara Add S2 yana nuna samfurin gaba ɗaya ga kowane ɓangaren kowane yanki.
Baya ga PC1, wanda ke da alaƙa da girman girman (Tufafin S2 na S2), dangantakar alamomi na gaba ɗaya ana bincika ta amfani da sigar tsarin ƙasa da kuma saiti na PCA daga bayanan da ba na al'ada ba. Allometic Poodence, Dabi'u akai-akai, da dabi'u na PAPS a cikin gwajin ƙwayoyin da aka danganta da girman dabarun da ke cikin kowane crast.
Domin ana iya haɗa wasu dalilai masu girma a cikin tsarin PC waɗanda aka tsara a tsakanin girman kayan aikin da ba su dace ba (sakamakon PCA da ci da aka tsara a cikin Tables na Sanarwa S6 ). , C7). Tebur 4 yana nuna sakamakon bincike na Allometric. Don haka, an sami mahimman abubuwan alamu a matakin 1% a cikin PC6 kuma a matakin 5% a cikin PC10. Hoto na 7 yana nuna silsila na masu juyawa na waɗannan dangantakar log-link ɗin da ke tsakanin PC Secores da kuma girman saniya (± 3 SD) a kowane ƙarshen faɗakarwar log santiid. PC6 score shine rabo na dangi mai tsayi da nisa na kwanyar. Kamar girman kwanyar kwanyar wani yana ƙaruwa, kwanyar da fuska ta zama mafi girma, da goshi ta zama mafi girma, da goshi ta zama mafi girma, da goshi ta zama mafi girma, da goshin ido da holecks suna kusa da kasancewa kusa da wuri. Tsarin Nasihun Samfurin yana nuna cewa wannan sinadarin ana samun wannan a arewa maso gabashin Asiya da 'yan asalin Amurkawa. Bugu da ƙari, PC10 yana nuna yanayin raguwa a cikin girman tsakiyar tsakiyar ba tare da la'akari da yankin yanki ba.
Don mahimman dangantakar alamu da aka jera a cikin tebur, gangara ta rikice-rikice na log-lograration tsakanin bayanan da aka saba) da girman ƙayyadaddun, da ƙwararren siffar da aka samo yana da girman 3 SD a kan m gefen layin 4.
An nuna irin wannan yanayin canje-canje a cikin cranial Morphology da aka nuna ta hanyar nazarin bayanan bayanan Homologous 3d samfurin. Na farko bangaren na PCA ya danganta da girman kwanyar gaba. An daɗe yana tunanin cewa ƙananan ƙwallon Asiya ta kudu, gami da samfurori daga Indiya, Sri Lanka da Sifen jikinsu, sun yi daidai da karancin mulkin da ke Bergmann, a cikin Bergmann, ya yi daidai da karamar mulkinsu. 27,62. Na farko yana da alaƙa da zazzabi, kuma na biyu ya dogara da sararin samaniya da albarkatun abinci na Niche. Daga cikin abubuwan da aka gyara, canji mafi girma shine rabo na tsawon da nisa na vault. Wannan fasalin, wanda aka tsara PC2, ya bayyana kusanci tsakanin dukkan kwanyar da ke da 'yan Afirka da' yan Afirka, da kuma bambance-bambance ne daga cikin kwanyar Prophical da arewa maso gabashin talakawa da arewacin Asiya. An ruwaito wadannan halaye a cikin binciken da yawa na baya dangane da ma'aunin layi mai sauki 37,63,64. Haka kuma, wannan halayyar tana da alaƙa da Brachycephaly a cikin wadanda ba 'yan Afirka ba, wanda ya daɗe ana tattauna shi a cikin karatun ultroppometric da osteometric. The main hypothesis behind this explanation is that decreased mastication, such as thinning of the temporalis muscle, reduces pressure on the outer scalp5,8,9,10,11,12,13. Wani hasashen da ya shafi karbuwa da yanayin sanyi ta hanyar rage girman kantin saman, a cewar dokar Allen16,17,25. Dangane da sakamakon binciken na yanzu, ana iya tantance waɗannan hasashe dangane da gicciye-hadari na ɓangarorin cranial. A taƙaice, sakamakon mu na PCA ba su da cikakken goyan bayan tunanin da aka yi amfani da shi ta hanyar shawo kan fuskokin fuskoki (gami da ƙwararrun yanayi). da kuma tauraron dan wasan Fossa na lokaci (wanda ke nuna girman tsoka na zamani). Bincikenmu na yanzu bai bincika dangantakar abokantaka da yanayin rayuwar jama'a kamar zafin jiki; Koyaya, bayanin da ke dogara da dokar Allen na iya zama da mahimmanci la'akari a matsayin ɗan takara don bayyana Brachycelon a cikin yankuna sanyi.
An samo muhimmiyar bambancin a PC4, bayar da shawara cewa mutanen arewa maso gabas suna da manyan ƙasusuwa na Zygicatic a kan maygy da zygatic kasusuwa. Wannan binciken ya yi daidai da sanannun halaye na Siberians, waɗanda suke tunanin cewa sun dace da yanayin yanayin zygomatic, wanda ya haifar da ƙara girman zygatus na ci gaba, wanda ya haifar da haɓaka ƙimar sinadarai da kuma falsth face 65. Wani sabon bincike daga samfurin Abighous shine cheek ta girgiza a cikin Turawa yana da alaƙa da raguwar sassaka da kuma kunkuntar kasusuwa da kuma kunkuntar kasusuwa da kuma kunkuntar dodoni da kuma kunkuntar dodoni. A arbilanci, arewa maso gabashin asoers suna iya samun goshin goshi da kuma ɗaga yankuna na ɗoribital. Nazarin kasusuwa na occipite Duk da haka, watsarmu na PC2 da PC4 da PC3 da PC9 da PC9 da PC9 da PC9 da kuma wani yanki mai faɗi da aka nuna shi da tushe na occiput. Rashin jituwa A cikin halayen Asiya tsakanin nazarin na iya zama saboda bambance-bambance a cikin samfuran kabilu sun yi amfani da su, kamar yadda muke jaka da yawa daga arewa maso gabas da kudu maso gabashin Asiya. Canje-canje a cikin siffar kashi na occipital are galibi suna da alaƙa da ci gaban tsoka. Koyaya, wannan bayanin mai dacewa ba ya lissafin daidaituwa tsakanin goshi da kuma yanayin yanayi, wanda aka nuna a cikin wannan binciken amma ba zai yiwu a nuna shi sosai ba. A wannan batun, yana da mahimmanci la'akari da alaƙar da ke tsakanin ma'aunin nauyi da kuma tsakiyar nauyi ko na mahaifa) ko wasu dalilai.
Wani muhimmin bangaren tare da babban canji yana da alaƙa da haɓakar kayan aikin masticalatus, wanda aka bayyana ta hanyar sikelin PC6, wanda aka bayyana shi ta hanyar samun PC6, PC7 da PC4. Waɗannan ragin da aka rage a sassan Cranial suna nuna ɗaliban mutane fiye da kowane rukuni na ƙasa. An fassara wannan fasalin a sakamakon raguwa da yanayin aikin gona saboda farkon fasahohin abinci ba tare da wani karfi na kayan aikin ba tare da kayan aikin masyarensu ba tare da wani karfi na masticatus ,,12,28,66. Dangane da mahimmin aikin aikin, 28 Wannan yana tare da canji a cikin subbaci na kwanyar kwanyar zuwa matsanancin rufin cranial da mafi kyawun rufin cranial. Daga wannan hangen nesa, annan mutanen gona suna iya samun fuskoki dabam, ƙasa da ƙazantar da godiya, da kuma meninging meninges meninges. Sabili da haka, ana iya bayyana wannan lalata ta gaba ɗaya na ɓangaren ɓangaren ƙasan Turai tare da rage gabobin masticatle. Koyaya, a cewar wannan binciken, wannan fassarar yana da haddi saboda mahimmancin mahimmancin dangantakar kula da cututtukan gloBariya da haɓakar abubuwan da suka dace ba su yarda ba, kamar yadda aka ɗauka a cikin fassarar PC2.
Bambanci tsakanin Mutanen Arewautan Asiansiya da kudu maso gabas suna nuna bambanci ta hanyar fuska mai tsayi tare da kunshin wuta tare da kunkuntar kwanyar, kamar yadda aka nuna a PC3 da PC9. Saboda rashin bayanan geetecological, bincikenmu yana samar da iyakantaccen bayani ne kawai don wannan binciken. Bayani mai yiwuwa yana karbuwa ga yanayi daban ko yanayin abinci mai gina jiki. Baya ga karbuwa da ecological, bambance-bambance na gida a cikin tarihin yawan jama'a a arewa maso gabas da kuma har ila yau, ana daukar su. Misali, a gabashin Eurasia, samfurin guda biyu ya hyatarwa don fahimtar watsawa na al'ummomin yau da kullun (Amh) dangane da data na CRANPHOMETSRECTETIETS677,68. Dangane da wannan samfurin, "Na farko Tier", wannan shine, asalin kungiyoyin masu mulkin mallaka, suna da zurfin zurfin mazaunan yankin, kamar na Austro-Melanges na zamani). , kuma daga baya kuma ya sami babban babban-sikelin mutane na mutanen da ke arewacin arewacin Asiya (Layer) a yankin (kimanin shekaru 4,000 da suka gabata). Genter yana da tsari ta amfani da samfurin "Layer-Layer" don fahimtar siffar kudu maso gabas, wanda aka ba ku na kudu maso gabas na iya dogara da sashin gado na farko.
Ta hanyar tantance kamanceceniya na amfani da ɗakunan ƙasa ta amfani da ƙirar juna, za mu iya ba da labarin tarihin yawan Amf a cikin yanayin Afirka. Mutane da yawa daban-daban "daga Afirka" da aka gabatar don bayyana rarraba Amf dangane da kwarangwal da bayanan mallaka. Daga cikin waɗannan, binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya nuna cewa Amh na yankunan da Afirka suka fara kimanin shekaru 177,000 da suka gabata69,70. Koyaya, rarraba mai nisa na Amf a cikin Eurasia a lokacin wannan lokacin ba shi da tabbas, tun lokacin da aka saba daga waɗannan burbushin farko da Bahar Rum take da kai kusa da Afirka. Mafi sauki yanayin shine sasantawa guda daya daga Afirka zuwa Eurasia, ta hanyar tattara ƙananan shinge kamar yadda Himalayas kamar shi. Wani samfurin ya nuna raƙuman raƙuman ƙaura, farkon wanda ya watsu daga Afirka tare da Tekun Tekun Indiya zuwa Kudancin Asiya da Australia, sannan ya bazu zuwa arewacin Eurasia a arewacin Eurasia. Yawancin waɗannan nazarin sun tabbatar da cewa Amf ya bazu bayan shekaru 60,000 da suka gabata. A cikin wannan girmamawa, da Australaasian-Malaian-Malaian-Malaian-Malaian-Malaa) Samfuran da suka fi kama da juna ga samfuran na Afirka fiye da duk wasu jerin abubuwan bincike na ilimin gida. Wannan binciken yana tallafawa tunanin cewa ƙungiyoyin Amf na farko tare da gefen kudancin Eurasia a Afirka ta hanyar mayar da canje-canje na ilimin cututtukan cuta ko wasu yanayi masu mahimmanci.
Game da girma na alliometric, bincike ta amfani da abubuwan da aka gyara da aka samo daga girman daban-daban wanda aka daidaita ta hanyar sanyaya ta sanyaya ta hanyar PC6 da PC10. Dukansu kayan haɗin gwiwa suna da alaƙa da siffar goshi da sassan fuska, wanda ya zama kunkuntar kamar girman kwanyar karuwa. Arewa maso gabas da Amurkawa suna da wannan fasalin kuma suna da manyan kwanyar. Wannan Neman ya musanta a baya rahoton alamu a baya wanda manyan kwakwalwar da suka fi fadi da ke gaban abin da ake kira yankin da ake kira yankin Lobe34. Wadannan bambance-bambance suna bayani game da bambance-bambance a cikin samfurin saiti; Nazarinmu nazarin Al'adun gargajiya na gaba ɗaya na ƙwararrun cranial ta amfani da yawan jama'a na zamani, da kuma nazarin kwatankwacinsu suna magance girman juyin halittar ta dogon lokaci a cikin Juyin Halittar Halitta.
Game da Allometry, nazarin guda ɗaya ta amfani da data na Biometric78 ya gano cewa sifar mu ta iya zama daɗaɗa cewa manyan kwanyar da za a iya danganta su da tsayi, kundin fuskoki. Koyaya, daidaiton bayanan biometric ba su sani ba; Gwajin juyawa yana gwada ontogetic Allometry da Static Allometry yana nuna sakamako daban-daban. An ba da rahoton ƙirar ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙafa saboda yawan ƙara girma ba. Koyaya, ba mu bincika bayanan girman ba. Nazarinmu na bincikenmu yana nuna cewa babu bayanan alamu nuna daidaituwa tsakanin rikicewar globular da kuma girman cranial a se.
Kodayake bincikenmu na yanzu ba ya ma'amala da bayanai akan masu canji na ƙwararrun suna wakilta da yanayin zama na yau da kullun suna taimakawa wajen wannan binciken zai taimaka wajan kimanta bambance bambancen ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwayar cuta. Abubuwan da suka dace da muhalli kamar abinci, yanayin yanayi da yanayin abinci, da kuma tsaka tsaki kamar ƙaura, kwarara kwarara da kuma gyaran kwarara.
Wannan binciken ya hada da samfuran 342 na kwanyar maza da aka tattara daga Rukunin 148 a cikin raka'a 9 (Table 1). Yawancin kungiyoyi sune asalin misalin asalin ƙasa, yayin da wasu kungiyoyi a Afirka, oratheast / kudu maso gabashin Asiya da Amurka) ana fassara su a cikin rubutun. An zabi samfuran samfuran da yawa daga cikin bayanan bayanan bayanan da aka bayar ta hanyar nuna ma'anar Ma'anar Martin Cranial ta bayar da Tsunehiko Hanihara. Mun zabi masana'antun wakilan maza na maza daga dukkan kabilu a duniya. Don gano membobin kowace kungiya, mun lasafta Euclidean dangane da ma'aunai 37 daga kungiyar ga dukkan daidaikun mutane. A mafi yawan lokuta, mun zaɓi samfuran 1-4 tare da ƙaramin nisa daga ma'anar (ƙarin tebur S4). Ga wadannan kungiyoyi, wasu samfurori sun zabi wasu samfuran idan ba a jera su a cikin tsarin database na Hahara ba.
Don kwatankwacin ƙididdiga, samfurori na 148 sun haɗa cikin ɗakunan yanki na 148, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Tebur 1. "'Afirka" ta ƙunshi samfurori daga yankin Saharan. Pxanmu daga Arewacin Afirka an haɗa cikin "na tsakiya" tare da samfurori daga Yammacin Asiya tare da irin wannan yanayi. Kungiyar Asiya ta arewa maso gabas ta haɗa da mutane zuriyar zuriya, kuma ƙungiyar american ta haɗa da Amurkawa ɗaya na asali. Musamman, ana rarraba wannan rukunin akan babban yanki na Arewa da Kudancin Amurka, a cikin mahalli iri-iri. Koyaya, muna la'akari da samfurin Amurka a cikin wannan ɓangaren yanki guda ɗaya, da aka ba da tarihin ƙirar Amurkawa na arewa maso gabas, ba tare da la'akari da mahimman ƙaura 80 ba.
Mun yi rikodin bayanan 3d na waɗannan bayanan ƙwayoyin cuta ta amfani da sikeli na 3D (Eincan Pro ltd, 0.5 mm, https://www.shining3d.com/) kuma ya haifar da raga. Model ɗin raga ya ƙunshi kusan 9,000,000 na ɓoye na 200,000, ana amfani da software ɗin da aka haɗa don cike ramuka da gefuna masu laushi.
A mataki na farko, mun yi amfani da bayanan da aka bincika daga kowane kwanon don ƙirƙirar tsarin SPELTlate guda ɗaya wanda ya kunshi fuskokin 4485 (8728 Fuskokin Polygonal). Tushen yankin kwanyar, wanda ya kunshi kashi na Enateid, perate, kasusuwa, Maxillary alveoli, da hakora, an cire daga samfurin raga raga. Dalilin shi ne cewa wasu tsarin wani lokaci basu cika ba ko kuma a wuyansu kai tsaye na bakin ciki da matakai na kwastomomi, saitin hakora, ko kuma haddi hakora. Tsarin kwanyar da ke kewaye da Foram, gami da tushe, ba a ɗauke shi ba saboda wannan muhimmin wuri ne mai mahimmanci don wurin da za'a iya tantancewa. Yi amfani da madubi zobba don samar da samfuri wanda yake da symmetrical akan bangarorin biyu. Yi fadin isotropic don canza siffofin polygonal don zama kamar daidaito kamar yadda zai yiwu.
Na gaba, 56 Alamu 56 Alamu an sanya su ga entocin da suka dace da ƙwayar cuta na samfurin samfuri ta amfani da software na HBM-. Saitunan ƙasa suna tabbatar da daidaito da kwanciyar hankali kan matsayin ƙasa da tabbatar da 'yan uwan juna na waɗannan wurare a cikin samfurin homaliyya. Ana iya gano su dangane da takamaiman halayen su, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin karin damar tebur S5 da karin bayani S3. A cewar ma'anar yanki81, yawancin waɗannan alamun ƙasa suna da alamun ƙasa alamun ƙasa wanda ke cikin tsararren ɓangaren uku, wasu kuma suna nau'in alamun ƙasa da maki na matsakaiciyar curvature. An canza mutane da yawa alamun daga maki da aka ayyana don ma'aunai na Motoci na 362 waɗanda aka sanya su a cikin samfurin ƙwayoyin cuta na 342 waɗanda aka tsara don samar da ingantaccen samfuran haɗin kai a sashi na gaba.
An ayyana tsarin tsarin da-centric don bayyana bayanan binciken da samfuri, kamar yadda aka nuna a adadi mai amfani S4. Filin jirgin saman Xz shine Frankfurt kwance jirgin sama wanda ya wuce ta mafi girman ma'ana (Ma'anar Martin: Partital) na mafi ƙarancin ma'ana (orbit) na ƙananan gefen hagu na hagu . . X Axis shine layin da aka haɗa hagu da dama, da X + shine gefen dama. Jirgin saman YZ ya wuce ta tsakiyar hagu da dama sassa da tushen hanci: y + sama, z + Gaba. Ana saita maki (asalin: asalinsu) an saita shi a cikin jirgin saman YZ (midplen), jirgin sama na XZ (Franefort
Munyi amfani da kayan aikin hbm - Injiniya, Kyoto, httle.co.jp/) Don ƙirƙirar abubuwan da suka dace da maki 56 (gefen hoto 1). Aikin Software, wanda ya samo asali ne daga Cibiyar Binciken mutum na Dijital da fasahar samar da kayayyaki da samar da kayan kwalliya ta amfani da kayan masarufi82. Mai zuwa Software Software (MHBM) 83 ya ƙara fasalin don dacewa da abubuwan da ya dace ba tare da alamun ƙasa don inganta aikin da ya dace ba. HBM-ratle ya hada software na Mhbm tare da ƙarin fasalin mai amfani da mai amfani tare da tsari tsara tsarin da kuma sake shigar da bayanan shigarwar. The reliability of software fitting accuracy has been confirmed in numerous studies52,54,55,56,57,58,59,60.
Lokacin dacewa da samfurin hbm-rlegle samfurin ta amfani da alamun ƙasa, samfurin raga samfurin ya dogara da fasahar ICP. Sa'an nan ta hanyar rashin daidaituwa na lalata ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar zuwa samfurin binciken da aka yi niyya. Wannan tsari mai dacewa an maimaita sau uku ta amfani da ƙa'idodin sigogi guda biyu don inganta daidaito na dacewa. Ofaya daga cikin waɗannan sigogi yana iyakance nesa tsakanin tsarin Grid samfurin da kuma manufa duba bayanai, da kuma sauran hukuncin da zartar da nisa tsakanin masu samfuri da alamun ƙasa. A deflem samfuri na samfurin da aka raba ta amfani da cyclic fannoni na ƙasa Algorithm 82 Don ƙirƙirar ƙwararrun ƙamshi na 17,709 (34,928 polygons (34,928 polygons (34,928 polygons (34,928 polygons). A ƙarshe, samfurin Grid samfurin samfurin ya dace da bayanan binciken da aka yi niyya don samar da samfurin homology. Tunda wuraren suna da bambanci da waɗanda suke da bayanan da ke cikin manufa, tsarin ra'ayin Homology, ya yi kyau don bayyana su ta amfani da tsarin daidaitawa na kai wanda aka bayyana a sashin da ya gabata. Matsakaicin nisa tsakanin daidaitattun abubuwan haɗin kai mai dacewa da kuma manufa duba bayanai a cikin duk samfuran da aka yi <0.01 mm. Lissafta ta amfani da aikin HBM - Matsakaicin nisa tsakanin bayanan bayanan sirri da kuma zamba na MM (Tabarin S2).
Don bayyana canje-canje a cikin rikice-rikicen ilimin halittar jiki, 17,709 Vertives (53,127 XYZ) ta hanyar tsarin ilimin mutum na HBS wanda Cibiyar Kimiyya ta HBS ta kirkira da fasaha ta masana'antu. , Japan (Rarraba Dealer: Injiniyan Gaskiya, Kyoto, http://www.ruble.co.jp/). Sai muka yi kokarin amfani da pca zuwa tsarin saiti na data ba da ba a sani ba kuma bayanan da aka tsara ta hanyar sanyaya sandar sanyaya. Don haka, PCA wanda ke dogara da bayanan da ba a iya bayyana su ba zai iya bayyana ma'anar kamannin raka'a tara da sauƙaƙe fassarar jama'a fiye da PCA ta amfani da daidaitattun bayanai.
Wannan talifin yana gabatar da adadin abubuwan da aka gano da aka gano tare da gudummawa fiye da 1% na jimlar bambance-bambancen. Don ƙayyade abubuwan da aka gyara mafi inganci a cikin ƙungiyoyi daban-daban a kan manyan raka'a, masu karɓar aiki da ke aiki don babban gudummawa sama da 2% 84. Wannan nazarin yana haifar da tsinkaye don kowane ɓangaren pca don haɓaka aikin rarrabuwa da kuma kwatanta mãkirci daidai tsakanin ƙungiyoyin ƙasa. Digiri na ikon nuna bambanci za a iya tantance su ta yankin a ƙarƙashin itacen (AUC), inda abubuwan haɗin PCA tare da manyan dabi'u sun fi iya nuna bambanci tsakanin kungiyoyi. Daga nan sai aka yi gwajin chi-square don tantance matakin mahimmancin. An yi nazarin bincike a Microsoft Excel ta amfani da kararrawa na software na Excel (sigar 3.21).
Don hango bambance-bambance na yanki a cikin cranial ilimin halittar jiki, an kirkiro su ta amfani da PC ɗin da ya fi dacewa da ƙungiyoyi daban-daban daga manyan raka'a. Don fassara abubuwan da aka gyara na mashahuri, yi amfani da taswirar launi don hango ƙarfin tsarin ƙirar da suke da alaƙa da abubuwan da aka gyara sosai. Bugu da kari, wakilan kwazo na ƙarshen axes ɗin da ke cikin ± 3 daidaitattun abubuwan karkacewa an lasafta su a cikin bidiyon bidiyo.
An yi amfani da Allometry don sanin alaƙar da ke tsakanin sahun kwanyar da mahimman abubuwan da aka tantance a cikin binciken PCA. Binciken yana da inganci don abubuwan haɗin kai tare da gudummawa> 1%. Daga cikin iyakance wannan PCA shine cewa tsarin kayan aikin ba za a iya nuna daban-daban ba daban-daban saboda saitin da ba al'ada ba ya cire duk abubuwan da suka dace. Baya ga amfani da saiti na bayanai marasa amfani, mun kuma bincika abubuwan da ba a sani ba ta hanyar amfani da bayanan yanki na PC dangane da bayanan da aka yi amfani da su tare da gudummawar sananniyar sananniyar sanannen sanannun bayanai game da manyan gudummawa> 1%.
An gwada nau'ikan Allometric ta amfani da daidaiton Y = AxB 85 inda y sifar ko yanki na siffar (zaɓi na S2), wata hanya ce ta musamman: kuma B shine ingantaccen iko. Wannan hanyar tana gabatar da karatun digiri na Allometric cikin ilimin ilimin lissafi78,86. Hadin gwiwar logarithmication na wannan dabara shine: log y = b log x + log a. Bincike na rarrabuwa ta amfani da mafi ƙarancin murabba'in da aka yi amfani da shi don ƙididdige A da B. A lokacin da y (girman santara) da X (PC Secores ya canza, waɗannan dabi'un dole ne ya kasance mai kyau; Koyaya, saitin ƙididdigar X ya ƙunshi ƙimar mara kyau. A matsayinta na bayani, mun ƙara zagaye zuwa cikakkiyar ƙimar ƙimar da 1 ga kowane juzu'i a kowane kayan haɗin da aka yi wa kowane yanki mai canzawa. Muhimmancin ƙarancin kayan maye na Allometric yana da ƙididdigar gwajin Test Student Doke biyu. Wadannan lissafin ƙididdiga don gwada haɓakar Allometric an yi amfani da haɓakar ƙwayar cuta ta amfani da kararrawa a cikin software mai kyau (sigar 3.21).
Wolpoff, MH damal da tasirin kan hanci na kasusuwa. Ee. J. Aure. Bil'adama. 29, 405-423. https://diiorg/10.1002/ajpa.1330290315 (1968).
Beals, Kl shugaban siffar da yanayin damuwa na yanayi. Ee. J. Aure. Bil'adama. 37, 85-92. https://diiorg/10.1002/ajpa.1330370111 (1972).
Lokaci: Apr-02-2024