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Aikace-aikacen basirar wucin gadi na asibiti (AI) suna girma cikin sauri, amma tsarin karatun makarantar likitanci yana ba da taƙaitaccen koyarwa da ke rufe wannan yanki.Anan mun bayyana wani kwas ɗin horar da hankali na wucin gadi da muka haɓaka kuma muka isar da shi ga ɗaliban likitancin Kanada kuma muna ba da shawarwari don horo na gaba.
Hankali na wucin gadi (AI) a cikin magani na iya inganta ingantaccen wurin aiki da kuma taimakawa yanke shawara na asibiti.Don amintacce jagorar amfani da hankali na wucin gadi, dole ne likitoci su sami ɗan fahimtar hankali na wucin gadi.Yawancin sharhi suna ba da shawarar koyar da ra'ayoyin AI1, kamar bayanin ƙirar AI da hanyoyin tabbatarwa2.Duk da haka, an aiwatar da tsare-tsare kaɗan, musamman a matakin ƙasa.Pinto dos Santos et al.3.An yi nazari kan daliban likitanci 263 kuma kashi 71% sun yarda cewa suna bukatar horo kan basirar wucin gadi.Koyar da hankali na wucin gadi ga masu sauraron likita yana buƙatar ƙira mai kyau wanda ya haɗa dabarun fasaha da waɗanda ba na fasaha ba don ɗalibai waɗanda galibi suna da ɗimbin ilmin farko.Mun bayyana kwarewarmu ta isar da jerin tarurrukan AI ga ƙungiyoyi uku na ɗaliban likitanci kuma muna ba da shawarwari don ilimin likitanci na gaba a AI.
Gabatarwar mu na mako biyar ga ilimin Artificial Intelligence in Medicine workshop ga daliban likitanci an gudanar da shi sau uku tsakanin Fabrairu 2019 da Afrilu 2021. Jadawalin kowane taron bita, tare da taƙaitaccen bayanin canje-canje ga kwas, an nuna shi a hoto na 1. Kwas ɗinmu yana da Makasudin koyo na farko guda uku: ɗalibai sun fahimci yadda ake sarrafa bayanai a cikin aikace-aikacen basirar ɗan adam, nazarin wallafe-wallafen ilimin ɗan adam don aikace-aikacen asibiti, da kuma yin amfani da damar yin aiki tare da injiniyoyi masu haɓaka hankali na wucin gadi.
Blue shine batun lacca kuma shuɗi mai haske shine lokacin tambaya da lokacin amsawa.Bangaren launin toka shine jigon taƙaitaccen bitar adabi.An zaɓi sassan lemu waɗanda ke bayyana ƙididdiga ko dabaru.Green wani kwas ɗin shirye-shiryen shiryarwa ne wanda aka tsara don koyar da hankali na wucin gadi don magance matsalolin asibiti da kimanta ƙima.Abubuwan da ke ciki da tsawon lokacin bita sun bambanta dangane da kimanta bukatun ɗalibai.
An gudanar da taron bita na farko a Jami'ar British Columbia daga Fabrairu zuwa Afrilu 2019, kuma duk mahalarta 8 sun ba da ra'ayi mai kyau4.Sakamakon COVID-19, an gudanar da taron bita na biyu kusan a watan Oktoba-Nuwamba 2020, tare da ɗaliban likitanci 222 da mazauna 3 daga makarantun likitancin Kanada 8 da suka yi rajista.An ɗora nunin nunin faifai da lamba zuwa buɗaɗɗen rukunin yanar gizo (http://ubcaimed.github.io).Mahimmin bayani daga farkon juzu'i shine cewa laccoci sun yi tsanani sosai kuma kayan sun cika ka'ida.Yin hidima ga yankuna shida daban-daban na Kanada yana haifar da ƙarin ƙalubale.Don haka, taron bita na biyu ya rage kowane zama zuwa sa'a 1, ya sauƙaƙa kayan kwas, ƙara ƙarin nazarin shari'o'i, da ƙirƙirar shirye-shiryen tukunyar jirgi wanda ya ba mahalarta damar kammala snippets na lamba tare da ƙaramin gyara kuskure (Box 1).Mahimmin bayani daga maimaitawa na biyu ya haɗa da kyakkyawan ra'ayi game da darasi na shirye-shirye da kuma buƙatar nuna shiri don aikin koyon inji.Don haka, a cikin taron mu na uku, wanda aka gudanar kusan don ɗaliban likitanci 126 a cikin Maris-Afrilu 2021, mun haɗa da ƙarin darussan ƙididdigewa da ra'ayoyin ayyuka don nuna tasirin amfani da dabarun bita akan ayyuka.
Binciken Bayanai: Filin nazari a cikin kididdiga wanda ke gano ma'ana mai ma'ana a cikin bayanai ta hanyar nazari, sarrafawa, da kuma sadar da tsarin bayanai.
Ma'adinan bayanai: tsarin ganowa da fitar da bayanai.A cikin mahallin hankali na wucin gadi, wannan sau da yawa yana da girma, tare da sauye-sauye masu yawa ga kowane samfurin.
Rage girman girma: Tsarin canza bayanai tare da fasalulluka da yawa zuwa ƴan fasali yayin kiyaye mahimman kaddarorin saitin bayanan asali.
Halaye (a cikin mahallin hankali na wucin gadi): abubuwan auna ma'auni na samfurin.Sau da yawa ana amfani da musanyawa tare da "dukiya" ko "mai canzawa".
Taswirar Kunnawa Gradient: Dabarar da ake amfani da ita don fassara ƙirar ƙirar ɗan adam (musamman hanyoyin sadarwa na jijiyoyi), waɗanda ke yin nazarin tsarin haɓaka ɓangaren ƙarshen hanyar sadarwar don gano yankuna na bayanai ko hotuna waɗanda ke da tsinkaya sosai.
Daidaitaccen Samfurin: Samfurin AI mai wanzuwa wanda aka riga aka horar da shi don aiwatar da ayyuka iri ɗaya.
Gwaji (a cikin mahallin hankali na wucin gadi): lura da yadda samfurin ke yin aiki ta amfani da bayanan da bai ci karo da shi ba.
Horowa (a cikin mahallin hankali na wucin gadi): Ba da samfuri tare da bayanai da sakamako ta yadda samfurin ya daidaita sigogin ciki don haɓaka ikon yin ayyuka ta amfani da sabbin bayanai.
Vector: tsararrun bayanai.A cikin koyan na'ura, kowane nau'in tsararru yawanci keɓantacce ne na samfurin.
Tebu na 1 ya lissafa sabbin darussa na Afrilu 2021, gami da manufar koyo da aka yi niyya ga kowane batu.Wannan taron an yi shi ne don sababbin zuwa matakin fasaha kuma baya buƙatar kowane ilimin lissafi fiye da shekarar farko na digiri na likita.Daliban Likitanci guda 6 ne da malamai 3 da suka yi digirin digirgir a fannin Injiniya suka tsara kwas din.Injiniyoyin suna haɓaka ka'idar basirar ɗan adam don koyarwa, kuma ɗaliban likitanci suna koyon abubuwan da suka dace da asibiti.
Taron karawa juna sani ya hada da laccoci, nazarin shari'a, da shirye-shiryen shiryarwa.A cikin lacca ta farko, muna yin bitar zaɓaɓɓun ra'ayoyin bincike na bayanai a cikin kididdiga na halittu, gami da hangen nesa na bayanai, koma-bayan dabaru, da kwatancen ƙididdiga na bayyanawa da ƙididdigewa.Ko da yake nazarin bayanai shine ginshikin basirar ɗan adam, muna ware batutuwa kamar hakar bayanai, gwaji mai mahimmanci, ko hangen nesa mai mu'amala.Wannan ya faru ne saboda ƙaƙƙarfan lokaci da kuma saboda wasu ɗaliban da suka kammala karatun digiri sun riga sun sami horo kan ilimin halittu kuma suna son ɗaukar ƙarin batutuwan koyon inji.Lacca ta gaba ta gabatar da hanyoyin zamani kuma ta tattauna tsarin matsalar AI, fa'idodi da iyakancewar ƙirar AI, da gwajin ƙirar ƙira.An cika lakcokan ta hanyar wallafe-wallafe da bincike mai amfani kan na'urori masu hankali na wucin gadi.Muna jaddada ƙwarewar da ake buƙata don kimanta tasiri da yuwuwar samfuri don magance tambayoyin asibiti, gami da fahimtar iyakokin na'urori masu hankali na wucin gadi.Alal misali, mun tambayi ɗalibai su fassara jagororin raunin kai na yara da Kupperman et al., 5 suka gabatar wanda ya aiwatar da tsarin yanke shawara na wucin gadi na itace algorithm don sanin ko CT scan zai zama da amfani bisa ga gwajin likita.Mun jaddada cewa wannan misali ne na kowa na AI yana ba da ƙididdigar tsinkaya ga likitoci don fassarawa, maimakon maye gurbin likitoci.
A cikin misalan shirye-shiryen bootstrap buɗaɗɗen tushe (https://github.com/ubcaimed/ubcaimed.github.io/tree/master/programming_examples), muna nuna yadda ake yin nazarin bayanan bincike, rage girman girma, daidaitaccen lodin ƙira, da horo. .da gwaji.Muna amfani da littattafan haɗin gwiwar Google (Google LLC, Mountain View, CA), waɗanda ke ba da damar aiwatar da lambar Python daga mai binciken gidan yanar gizo.A cikin hoto na 2 yana ba da misali na motsa jiki na shirye-shirye.Wannan darasi ya ƙunshi tsinkayar rashin lafiya ta amfani da Wisconsin Open Breast Imaging Dataset6 da yanke shawara bishiyar algorithm.
Gabatar da shirye-shirye cikin mako a kan batutuwa masu alaƙa kuma zaɓi misalai daga aikace-aikacen AI da aka buga.Abubuwan shirye-shiryen suna haɗawa ne kawai idan an yi la'akari da su dacewa don samar da haske game da aikin asibiti na gaba, kamar yadda za a kimanta samfurori don sanin ko sun shirya don amfani da su a gwaji na asibiti.Waɗannan misalan sun ƙare a cikin cikakken aikace-aikacen ƙarshe-zuwa-ƙarshe wanda ke rarraba ciwace-ciwace a matsayin mara kyau ko m dangane da sigogin hoton likita.
Bambance-bambancen ilimin farko.Mahalartan mu sun bambanta a matakin ilimin lissafi.Misali, ɗaliban da ke da ilimin aikin injiniya na ci gaba suna neman ƙarin abubuwa masu zurfi, kamar yadda za su yi nasu juzu'i na Fourier.Koyaya, yin magana akan algorithm Fourier a cikin aji ba zai yiwu ba saboda yana buƙatar zurfin ilimin sarrafa sigina.
Fitowar halarta.An ƙi halartar tarurrukan da suka biyo baya, musamman a tsarin kan layi.Magani na iya zama bin diddigin halarta da bayar da takardar shaidar kammalawa.Makarantun likitanci an san su da sanin kwafin ayyukan karatun ɗalibai na ƙaura, wanda zai iya ƙarfafa ɗalibai su ci gaba da karatun digiri.
Zane Koyarwa: Saboda AI ya mamaye filayen ƙasa da yawa, zaɓin mahimman ra'ayoyi na zurfin da ya dace da faɗin na iya zama ƙalubale.Misali, ci gaba da amfani da kayan aikin AI daga dakin gwaje-gwaje zuwa asibiti muhimmin batu ne.Yayin da muke rufe tsarin sarrafa bayanai, ƙirar ƙira, da ingantaccen aiki, ba mu haɗa da batutuwa kamar manyan nazarin bayanai, hangen nesa, ko gudanar da gwaje-gwajen asibiti na AI ba, a maimakon haka muna mai da hankali kan ƙa'idodin AI na musamman.Manufar jagorarmu ita ce inganta karatu, ba fasaha ba.Misali, fahimtar yadda samfurin ke aiwatar da fasalin shigarwa yana da mahimmanci don fassara.Hanya ɗaya don yin wannan ita ce ta amfani da taswirorin kunna aikin gradient, wanda zai iya hango ko wane yanki na bayanan ke iya tsinkaya.Koyaya, wannan yana buƙatar ƙididdiga masu yawa kuma ba za a iya gabatar da su8.Ƙirƙirar kalmomi gama gari ya kasance ƙalubale saboda muna ƙoƙarin yin bayanin yadda ake aiki da bayanai a matsayin vectors ba tare da ilimin lissafi ba.Lura cewa kalmomi daban-daban suna da ma'ana iri ɗaya, misali, a cikin ilimin cututtuka, an kwatanta "halaye" a matsayin "mai canzawa" ko "sifa."
Riƙewar ilimi.Saboda aikace-aikacen AI yana da iyaka, iyakar abin da mahalarta ke riƙe da ilimin ya rage a gani.Manhajojin makarantun likitanci sau da yawa sun dogara da maimaitawa sarari don ƙarfafa ilimi yayin jujjuyawar aiki, 9 wanda kuma ana iya amfani da shi ga ilimin AI.
Ƙwarewa ya fi mahimmanci fiye da karatu.An tsara zurfin kayan aikin ba tare da tsangwama na lissafi ba, wanda ya kasance matsala lokacin ƙaddamar da darussan asibiti a cikin basirar wucin gadi.A cikin misalan shirye-shirye, muna amfani da tsarin samfuri wanda ke ba mahalarta damar cike filayen da sarrafa software ba tare da sanin yadda ake saita cikakken yanayin shirye-shirye ba.
Damuwa game da hankali na wucin gadi da aka magance: Akwai damuwa da yawa cewa basirar wucin gadi na iya maye gurbin wasu ayyukan asibiti3.Don magance wannan batu, mun bayyana iyakokin AI, ciki har da gaskiyar cewa kusan dukkanin fasahar AI da aka amince da su ta hanyar masu gudanarwa suna buƙatar kulawar likita11.Muna kuma jaddada mahimmancin son zuciya saboda algorithms suna da wuyar nuna son kai, musamman idan bayanan da aka saita ba su bambanta ba12.Sakamakon haka, ana iya ƙila ƙila ƙila ƙila ƙila ƙila ƙila ƙila ƙila ƙila ƙila ƙila ƙila ƙila za a ƙirƙira wani rukunin rukunin ba daidai ba, wanda zai haifar da yanke shawara na asibiti marasa adalci.
Ana samun albarkatu a bainar jama'a: Mun ƙirƙiri wadatattun albarkatun jama'a, gami da nunin faifai na lacca da lamba.Kodayake damar yin amfani da abun ciki na aiki tare yana iyakance saboda yankuna na lokaci, buɗaɗɗen tushen abun ciki hanya ce mai dacewa don ilmantarwa mara daidaituwa tunda ƙwarewar AI ba ta samuwa a duk makarantun likitanci.
Haɗin kai tsakanin ɗalibai: Wannan bita haɗin gwiwa ne da ɗaliban likitanci suka ƙaddamar don tsara kwasa-kwasan tare da injiniyoyi.Wannan yana nuna damar haɗin gwiwa da gibin ilimi a bangarorin biyu, yana bawa mahalarta damar fahimtar yuwuwar rawar da za su iya bayarwa a nan gaba.
Ƙayyade ƙwarewar ainihin AI.Ƙayyadaddun lissafin ƙwarewa yana ba da daidaitaccen tsari wanda za'a iya haɗa shi cikin tsarin koyarwa na tushen cancantar likita.Wannan bitar a halin yanzu tana amfani da Matakan Makasudin Koyo 2 (Fahimtar), 3 (Aikace-aikacen), da 4 (Bincike) na Taxonomy na Bloom.Samun albarkatu a manyan matakan rarrabuwa, kamar ƙirƙirar ayyuka, na iya ƙara ƙarfafa ilimi.Wannan yana buƙatar yin aiki tare da ƙwararrun likitoci don ƙayyade yadda za a iya amfani da batutuwan AI ga ayyukan aiki na asibiti da kuma hana koyarwar maimaita batutuwan da aka riga aka haɗa a cikin daidaitattun manhajojin likita.
Ƙirƙiri nazarin shari'a ta amfani da AI.Hakazalika da misalan asibiti, koyo na tushen shari'a na iya ƙarfafa ra'ayoyi masu banƙyama ta hanyar nuna dacewarsu ga tambayoyin asibiti.Misali, binciken bita daya yayi nazari akan tsarin gano cutar ciwon sukari na tushen AI na Google 13 don gano ƙalubalen da ke kan hanyar daga lab zuwa asibiti, kamar buƙatun tabbatarwa na waje da hanyoyin amincewar tsari.
Yi amfani da ƙwarewar koyo: Ƙwararrun fasaha na buƙatar aiwatar da mayar da hankali da maimaita aikace-aikace don ƙwarewa, kama da jujjuyawar koyo na ɗaliban da suka horar da su na asibiti.Wata yuwuwar mafita ita ce ƙirar aji da aka juye, wanda aka bayar da rahoton don inganta riƙe ilimi a cikin ilimin injiniyanci14.A cikin wannan ƙirar, ɗalibai suna duba abubuwan ƙa'idar da kansu kuma lokacin aji ya keɓe don magance matsaloli ta hanyar nazarin shari'a.
Ƙididdigar ƙididdiga don mahalarta masu yawa: Muna tunanin ɗaukar AI wanda ya haɗa da haɗin gwiwa a cikin fannoni da yawa, ciki har da likitoci da ƙwararrun ƙwararrun kiwon lafiya tare da matakan horo daban-daban.Don haka, ana iya buƙatar samar da manhajoji tare da tuntuɓar malamai daga sassa daban-daban don daidaita abubuwan da suke cikin su zuwa fannonin kiwon lafiya daban-daban.
Hankali na wucin gadi babban fasaha ne kuma ainihin tunaninsa yana da alaƙa da ilimin lissafi da kimiyyar kwamfuta.Horar da ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya don fahimtar hankali na wucin gadi yana gabatar da ƙalubale na musamman a zaɓin abun ciki, dacewa na asibiti, da hanyoyin bayarwa.Muna fatan fahimtar da aka samu daga AI a cikin tarurrukan Ilimi zai taimaka wa malamai na gaba su rungumi sabbin hanyoyin haɗa AI cikin ilimin likitanci.
Rubutun Python na haɗin gwiwar Google buɗaɗɗe ne kuma ana samun su a: https://github.com/ubcaimed/ubcaimed.github.io/tree/master/.
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Dos Santos, DP, et al.Halayen ɗaliban likitanci game da hankali na wucin gadi: binciken da yawa.EUROradiation.29, 1640-1646 (2019).
Fan, KY, Hu, R., da Singla, R. Gabatarwa ga koyon inji don ɗaliban likitanci: aikin matukin jirgi.J. Med.koyar.54, 1042-1043 (2020).
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Titin, WN, Wolberg, WH da Mangasarian, OL.Haɓakar fasalin makaman nukiliya don gano ciwon nono.Kimiyyar Halittu.sarrafa hoto.Kimiyyar Halittu.Weiss.1905, 861-870 (1993).
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Selvaraju, RR et al.Grad-cam: Fassarar gani na zurfafan cibiyoyin sadarwa ta hanyar tushen tushen gradient.Abubuwan da aka gabatar na taron kasa da kasa na IEEE akan hangen nesa na Kwamfuta, 618-626 (2017).
Kumaravel B, Stewart K da Ilic D. Haɓaka da kimantawa na ƙirar karkace don tantance ƙwarewar likitancin shaida ta amfani da OSCE a cikin ilimin likitanci na farko.Magungunan BMK.koyar.21, 1–9 (2021).
Kolachalama VB da Garg PS Injin koyo da ilimin likitanci.Lambobin NPZh.magani.1, 1–3 (2018).
van Leeuwen, KG, Schalekamp, S., Rutten, MJ, van Ginneken, B. da de Rooy, M. Artificial hankali a cikin rediyo: 100 kasuwanci kayayyakin da su kimiyya shaida.EUROradiation.31, 3797-3804 (2021).
Topol, EJ Babban aikin magani: haɗuwar ɗan adam da hankali na wucin gadi.Nat.magani.25, 44-56 (2019).
Bede, E. et al.Ƙimar da ta shafi ɗan adam na tsarin ilmantarwa mai zurfi da aka tura a cikin asibiti don gano ciwon ido na ciwon sukari.Abubuwan da aka gabatar na taron 2020 CHI akan Abubuwan da suka shafi Dan Adam a Tsarin Kwamfuta (2020).
Kerr, B. Ajujuwan juzu'i a cikin ilimin injiniya: Binciken bincike.Abubuwan da aka gabatar na taron kasa da kasa na 2015 akan Koyon Haɗin kai (2015).
Marubutan sun gode wa Danielle Walker, Tim Salcudin, da Peter Zandstra daga Ƙungiyar Bincike na Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru a Jami'ar British Columbia don tallafi da kudade.
RH, PP, ZH, RS da MA ne ke da alhakin haɓaka abun ciki na koyarwa na bita.RH da PP ne ke da alhakin haɓaka misalan shirye-shirye.KYF, OY, MT da PW ne ke da alhakin tsara kayan aikin da kuma nazarin tarurrukan.RH, OY, MT, RS ne ke da alhakin ƙirƙirar adadi da teburi.RH, KYF, PP, ZH, OY, MY, PW, TL, MA, RS ne ke da alhakin tsarawa da gyara takardar.
Magungunan Sadarwa sun gode wa Carolyn McGregor, Fabio Moraes, da Aditya Borakati don gudunmawar da suka bayar don nazarin wannan aikin.
Lokacin aikawa: Fabrairu-19-2024