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Aikace-aikacen Aikace-aikacen wucin gadi (AI) suna girma cikin sauri, amma tsarin makarantar likita na Amurka suna ba da iyakantacciyar koyarwa ta rufe wannan yankin. Anan mun bayyana hanyar horo na wucin gadi da muka kirkira kuma muka fitar da ɗaliban likitanci na Kanada da kuma samar da shawarwari don horar da horo na gaba.
Sirrin wucin gadi (AI) a cikin magani na iya inganta aiki wurin aiki da kuma bayar da shawarar gudanarwar asibiti. Don amintaccen jagorar amfani da wucin gadi na wucin gadi, likitoci dole ne su sami wasu fahimta game da ilimin wucin gadi. Yawancin maganganu da ke ba da shawarar koyar da AI Concepts1, kamar su bayyana samfuran AI da tsarin tabbatarwa2. Koyaya, an aiwatar da tsare-tsaren tsarin, musamman a matakin ƙasa. Pinto dos sanos et al.3. An kula da ɗaliban likitocin likitanci 263 kuma kashi 71% sun yarda cewa suna buƙatar horo a cikin bayanan sirri. Koyarwa da hankali ga masu sauraro na wucin gadi na buƙatar zane mai ban sha'awa wanda ke haɗuwa da manufofin fasaha da rashin fasaha ga ɗaliban da suka gabata. Mun bayyana kwarewarmu ta isar da jerin bitocin AI zuwa rukuni uku na ɗaliban likitocin likita kuma suna ba da shawarwari don ilimin likita na gaba a Ai.
Gabatarwar sati biyar zuwa Sirrin Wucin gadi a cikin Dokar Magungunan Magunguna don ɗaliban likitanci na 2019 da Afrilu 2021. Tunaninsa yana da Makasudin koyo na farko: Dalibai sun fahimci yadda ake sarrafa bayanai ta aikace-aikacen na wucin gadi saboda aikace-aikacen asibiti.
Blue shine taken lacca kuma haske mai haske shine tambayar da ta amsa. Sashe na launin toka shine mai da hankali ga taƙaitaccen bita. Binciken orange ana yin karatun karatun ne wanda ke bayyana samfuran labaran na wucin gadi ko dabaru. Green shine tsarin shirye-shiryen da aka shirya don koyar da bayanan wucin gadi don magance matsalolin asibiti da kimanta samfura. Abun ciki da tsawon lokacin bita sun bambanta da kimantawa na ɗalibi.
An gudanar da bitar farko a Jami'ar Burtaniya ta Burtaniya daga Fabrairu zuwa Afrilu 2019, kuma duk mahalarta 8 sun ba da tabbataccen martani. Saboda covid-19, an gudanar da bita na biyu a watan Oktoba-Nuwamba 2020, tare da ɗaliban likitocin likita na 222 daga makarantun likitocin likita na 82. An gabatar da nunin faifai na gabatarwa da lambar shiga shafin yanar gizon bude (http://uccialed.github.io). Babban maimaitawa daga lokacin farko shine cewa laccoci sun yi ƙarfi da kuma kayan da ƙananan ka'idar. Bautar da yankuna shida na Kanada guda shida suna haifar da ƙarin kalubale. Don haka, bita na biyu ya takaita kowane lokaci zuwa awa 1, a sauƙaƙe kayan aikin, kuma ƙirƙirar mahalarta masu borilyplate, da akwatin 1). Maimaitawar keywa daga tsarin layi na biyu sun haɗa da kyakkyawan ra'ayi game da ayyukan shirye-shiryen da kuma neman nuna shirye-shiryen aikin koyon injin. Sabili da haka, a cikin bita na uku, wanda ya riƙe kusan kusan ɗaliban likitocin likita 126 a watan Maris-Afrilu 2021, mun hada da ƙarin bayani game da aikin amfani da aikin bita kan ayyukan.
Binciken bayanai: Fishing na karatu a cikin kididdigar da ke nuna alamu mai ma'ana a cikin bayanai ta hanyar nazarin, aiki, da kuma sadarwa samfuran bayanai.
Abin hawan ma'adinai: aiwatar da ganowa da cire bayanai. A cikin mahallin bayanan sirri, wannan shi ne mafi girma, tare da masu canji da yawa ga kowane samfurin.
Ribarancin Girma: Tsarin Canjin bayanai tare da fasali da yawa a cikin fannin fasali yayin kiyaye mahimman kaddarorin na asali.
Halaye (a cikin mahallin ɓoyayyen hankali): Asturred kaddarorin kaddarorin na samfurin. Sau da yawa ana amfani da musayar tare da "dukiya" ko "m".
Taswirar kunnawa: wata dabara da aka yi amfani da ita don fassara samfuran leken asiri (musamman waɗanda ke nazarin aiwatar da haɓaka na cibiyar sadarwa ko hotunan da ke tsiro sosai.
Tsarin daidaitaccen tsari: samfurin AI na AI da aka riga aka koyar dashi don aiwatar da irin ayyukan da iri ɗaya.
Gwajin gwaji (a cikin mahallin wucin gadi): lura da yadda samfurin yake yin aiki ta amfani da bayanan da ba a ci karo da shi ba.
Horo (a cikin mahallin wucin gadi): Bayar da Model tare da bayanai da Sakamako don inganta ikon yin ayyuka ta amfani da sabon bayanai.
Vector: tsararrun bayanai. A cikin koyon injin, kowane kashi na tsarawa yawanci shine keɓaɓɓen fasalin samfurin.
Tebur 1 sun jera sabbin darussan na Afrilu 2021, gami da manufofin koyo na kowane darasi. Wannan bita an yi niyya ne don waɗancan sababbin zuwa matakin fasaha kuma baya buƙatar ilimin lissafi fiye da shekarar farko ta likita digiri. Dalibai 6 da ɗaliban likitanci 6 da malamai 3 tare da yawan digiri na haɓaka. Injinin injiniyoyi suna haɓaka ka'idar leken asiri ta wucin gadi don koyarwa, kuma ɗaliban likitanci suna koyon kayan da suka dace.
Aikin bita sun hada da laccoci, karatunta na casta, da kuma shirye-shiryen jagora. A cikin jawabin farko, muna yin duba da aka zaɓa da aka zaɓa game da nazarin bayanai a cikin biostitistication, rikice-rikice na bayanan, da kuma kwatancen bayyanawa da rashin daidaituwa. Kodayake nazarin bayanai shine tushen bayanan sirri, muna ware batutuwa kamar ma'adinai, gwajin mahimmanci, ko kuma gani mai mahimmanci. Wannan ya faru ne saboda matsalolin lokaci kuma saboda wasu daliban daliban sun kasance suna da horo a cikin biostorive kuma suna son rufe wasu batutuwa na musamman na injin. Sakamakon litar ya gabatar da hanyoyin zamani da kuma tattauna Ai matsalar tsari, fa'idodi da kuma iyakance na samfuran AI, da gwajin ƙira. LATSA LATSA A CIKIN SAUKI DA KYAUTA DA AIKIN SAUKI A Na'urorin leken asirin na wucin gadi. Muna jaddada kwarewar da ake buƙata don kimanta tasiri da yiwuwa game da samfurin don magance tambayoyin asibiti, gami da fahimtar iyakokin na'urorin wayoyin hannu na wucin gadi. Misali, mun nemi ɗalibai su fassara tsarin rauni na cutar da Kafperman et al., Wanne ya aiwatar da shawarar yanke hukunci na wucin gadi al. Muna jaddada cewa wannan misali ne na yau da kullun na AI samar da tsinkaye na nazari game da likitoci don fassara, maimakon maye gurbin likitoci.
A cikin wuraren buɗe tushen tushen takalmin Botstrap Programming misalai (https:/Github.com/spromamming/PORE_ERALD_EXAMIO_EXASIO, daidaitaccen tsari, da horo . da gwaji. Muna amfani da litattafan Google na Google Coliberator (Google LLC, ra'ayin dutse, CA), wanda ya ba da damar kashe lambar Python daga mai binciken yanar gizo. A cikin siffa Hoto na 2 yana samar da misalin aikin shiri. Wannan darasi ya shafi annabta cutar ta amfani da Wisconsin buɗe bunning nono demute6 da yanke shawara algorithm.
Shirya shirye-shirye a tsawon sati kan batutuwa masu dangantaka da zaɓar misalai daga aikace-aikacen AI AI. Abubuwan shirye-shirye ne kawai idan ana daukar su da dacewa don samar da haske game da aikin asibiti na gaba, kamar yadda za a kimanta samfuran don sanin ko a shirye suke don gwajin asibiti. Wadannan misalai sun cika a aikace-aikacen ƙarshen--zuwa-ƙarshen-ƙarshen wanda ya danganta jita-jita kamar ƙwararru ko ɓarna dangane da sigogin hoto.
Heterogeity na farko ilimi. Mahalarta mahalarta sun bambanta da matakin ilimin lissafi. Misali, ɗalibai tare da tushen injiniyan haɓaka su suna neman ƙarin abu mai zurfi, kamar yadda ake yin nasu canzawa. Koyaya, tattauna mai sau arfithm a cikin aji ba zai yiwu ba saboda yana buƙatar zurfin ilimin sarrafa siginar sigina.
Halartar outflow. Kasancewa a tarurrukan bibiya sun ki, musamman a cikin tsari na kan layi. Bayani na iya zama don bin sawu da samar da takardar shaidar kammalawa. Makarantun likitoci sanannu ne don gane fassarar bayanan ayyukan ɗalibai, wanda zai iya ƙarfafa ɗalibai su bi digiri.
Tsarin hanya: Saboda AI spans da yawa subundes, zaɓar ainihin abubuwan da suka dace da zurfin da ya dace na iya zama kalubale. Misali, cigaban amfani da kayan aikin AI daga dakin gwaje-gwaje zuwa asibitin muhimmiyar magana ce. Duk da yake muna rufe bayanan bayanai, ginin ƙira, da inganci, ba mu haɗa da batutuwa kamar manyan gwaji na bayanai, maimakon haka muna mai da hankali ga mafi kyawun dabarun musamman. Ka'idarmu ta jagora ita ce inganta karatu da karatu, ba fasaha bane. Misali, fahimtar yadda samfuran keɓaɓɓun fasalin yana da mahimmanci don fassarar. Hanya guda don yin wannan shine don amfani da taswirar kunnawa ta zamani, wanda zai iya gani da waɗanne yankuna na bayanan da za a iya faɗi. Koyaya, wannan yana buƙatar lissafin lissafi da yawa kuma ba za a iya gabatar da clultivariate ba8. Haɓaka wani yanki na yau da kullun shine kalubale ne saboda muna ƙoƙarin bayyana yadda ake aiki tare da bayanai a matsayin masu koyo ba tare da tsarin ilimin lissafi ba. Lura cewa kalmomi daban-daban suna da ma'ana iri daya, alal misali, a cikin annoba, ana bayanin "halayya" a matsayin "m" ko "sifa."
Riƙewa. Saboda aikace-aikacen AI yana da iyaka, girman da mahalarta riƙe ilimin da ake gani a gani. Curchilaƙarin likita na likita sau da yawa dogara da maimaitawa don ƙarfafa ilimi yayin ƙarfafa ilimin yayin juyawa, 9 wanda kuma za'a iya amfani da shi ga ilimin Ai.
Archistiism yana da mahimmanci fiye da karatu. Zurfin kayan an tsara shi ba tare da tsayayye na lissafi ba, wanda ya kasance matsala lokacin da aka ƙaddamar da darussan asibiti a cikin bayanan sirri. A cikin shirye-shiryen shirye-shirye, muna amfani da shirin samfuri wanda ya ba mahalarta damar cike filayen kuma suna gudanar da software ba tare da gano yadda ake kafa yanayin cikakken shirye-shirye ba.
Damuwa game da magana da wucin gadi: Akwai damuwa ta yadu cewa hankali na wucin gadi zai iya maye gurbin wasu ayyukan asibiti3. Don magance wannan batun, muna bayanin iyakokin AI, muna da gaskiyar cewa kusan dukkanin fasahar Ai suna buƙatar masana kimiyya na kimiyyar kimiyya. Hakanan muna jaddada mahimmancin nuna ra'ayi saboda algorithms suna iya yiwuwa ga nuna kai ga nuna bambanci, musamman idan saita bayanan ba ta da bambanci12. Sakamakon haka, ana iya daidaita ƙirar ba daidai ba, yana haifar da yanke hukunci a asibiti.
Abubuwan da ke ba a bainar jama'a ba: Mun kirkiro albarkatun jama'a a fili, gami da laccoci da lambar. Kodayake samun damar yin amfani da abun ciki na zamani da ke iyakance saboda bangarorin lokaci, tushen tushe ne hanyar koyon Ai tun lokacin da ba a samar da ƙwarewar AI a cikin makarantun likitocin ba.
Haɗin kai tsaye: Wannan bitar ta kasance kamfani ne na haɗin gwiwa da ɗaliban likitocin likita su tsara karatun tare da injiniyoyi. Wannan yana nuna damar damar da kuma gibin ilimi a bangarorin biyu, suna ba mahalarta fahimtar rawar da za su iya ba da gudummawar da za su iya ba da gudummawa a nan gaba.
Ayyana AI core. Ma'anar jerin abubuwan da ke ba da daidaitaccen tsari wanda za'a iya haɗe shi cikin yanayin likita na currica. Wannan bitar a halin yanzu tana amfani da matakan koyo 2 (fahimta), 3 (Aikace-aikace), da 4 (bincike) na biyan haraji. Samun albarkatu a matakan manyan rarrabuwa, kamar ƙirƙirar ayyukan, na iya ƙara tabbatar da ilimi. Wannan yana buƙatar aiki tare da masana asibiti don a iya amfani da yadda za a iya amfani da yadda ake amfani da batutuwan AI zuwa aikin asibiti da hana koyarwar maimaitawa batutuwa da aka riga aka haɗa cikin daidaitaccen ilimin likita.
Haxa kirkirar shari'ar ta amfani da AI. Haka Misalan misalai, ilmantarwa na tushen shari'ar kwamfuta na iya ƙarfafa mahimmancin ra'ayoyi ta hanyar bayyana abin da suka dace da tambayoyin asibiti. Misali, binciken bita guda ɗaya na Tarihi na tushen AI-tushen ciwon sukari na 13 Don gano kalubale a kan hanya zuwa darasi zuwa asibiti, kamar bukatun tabbatarwa da hanyoyin yarda na waje.
Yi amfani da ilmantarwa na ƙwarewa: ƙwarewar fasaha na buƙatar mayar da hankali ga Master kuma maimaita aikace-aikacen zuwa Jagora, mai kama da abubuwan koyon kwarewar masu horar da asibiti. Magani guda mai yiwuwa shine samfurin aji, wanda aka ruwaito don inganta rijiyar ilimi a Injiniya Ilimin Injiniya14. A cikin wannan ƙirar, ɗalibai suna yin nazarin abu na asoretical da kansu da kuma lokacin aji ya sadaukar da su don warware matsaloli ta hanyar binciken kimiyya.
Zamani ga mahalarta mahalarta: Muna hango wani tallafi Ai wanda ya shafi hadin kai a tsakanin ma'aikata da yawa, gami da likitocin kiwon lafiya tare da matakan horo daban-daban. Saboda haka, tsarin ruwa na iya ci gaba cikin tattaunawa tare da ma'aikata daga sassa daban-daban don dacewa da abun cikin su ga bangarorin kiwon lafiya na kiwon lafiya.
Sirrin wucin gadi shi ne babban fasaha da kuma kyawawan ra'ayoyin sa suna da alaƙa da ilimin lissafi da kimiyyar kwamfuta. Horar da ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya don fahimtar bayanan sirri na wucin gadi a zaɓin abun ciki, a asibiti gwargwadon iko. Muna fatan hakan yana da basira daga Ai a cikin bita na ilimi zai taimaka wa masu ilimi a gaba don hada sabbin hanyoyin da za a hada Ai cikin ilimin likita.
Rubutun Google Gandar Python yana buɗe tushen kuma ana samarwa a: https://github.com/Githubed/uTare/master/.
Prober, KG da Khan, S. Karanta Ilimi ilimi: kira zuwa mataki. Akkad. magani. 88, 1407-1410 (2013).
McCoy, LG sauransu. Me ɗaliban likitocin likitanci suke buƙatar sani game da ilimin wucin gadi? Lambobi NPZH. Magunguna 3, 1-3 (2020).
Dos Santos, DP, et al. Halayen likitanci na likitocin zuwa ga hankali na wucin gadi: Binciken da aka bincika. Yuro. radiation. 29, 1640-1646 (2019).
Fan, Hu, R., da Singla, R. Gabatarwa zuwa injin injin din likitanci: aikin matukin jirgi. J. Med. Koyarwa. 54, 1042-1043 (2020).
Cooperman n, et al. Gano yara a cikin hadarin raunin asibiti a asibiti bayan raunin kai na kai: Nazarin Cohort na Bincike. Lancet 374, 1160-1170 (2009).
Street, WN, WOLG, WH da Mangasariarian, ol. Hadakar haɓaka na nukiloar don ƙwayar nono ta gane. Ilimin kimiyya na biomiwical. Sarrafa hoto. Ilimin kimiyya na biomiwical. Weiss. 1905, 861-870 (1993).
Chen, PHC, Liu, Y. da Peng, L. Yadda za a samar da samfuran koyan injin don kiwon lafiya. Nat. Matt. 18, 410-414 (2019).
Selvaraju, RR et al. Grad-cam: fassarar gani na hanyoyin sadarwa mai zurfi ta hanyar daidaitawa na tushen girma. Ayyukan IEEE na IEEE akan hangen nesa na kwamfuta, 618-626 (2017).
Kumaravel B, Stewart K da ILEW K. Haɓaka da kimantawa na karkatar da ƙira don tantance maganin gargajiya ta amfani da ilimin likitancin lafiya. Maganin BMK. Koyarwa. 21, 1-9 (2021).
Kolachalama vb da Garg Ps Mayar da Ilimin Kware da Ilimin Kiwon lafiya. Lambobi NPZH. magani. 1, 1-3 (2018).
Van Leeuwen, KG, Schalekamp, S., Van Ginoy, B. kayayyakin hankali a Radiology: samfuran kasuwanci 100 da shaidar kimiyya. Yuro. radiation. 31, 3797-3804 (2021).
A saman, magungunan EJ-Aikin: Haɗin kai na ɗan adam da na wucin gadi. Nat. magani. 25, 44-56 (2019).
Bede, e et al. An tura kimanta tsarin ilimi mai zurfi a cikin asibitin don gano ciwon sukari refashinic. Aikuka na taron Chi0 na Chi0 game da tsarin hada-hadar lissafi (2020).
Kerr, B. Dangwacin aji a cikin ilimin injiniya: Binciken bincike. Taron na kasa da kasa na shekarar 2015 a kan karantarwa hadin gwiwa na ma'amala (2015).
Marubutan da Danielle Walker, Tim Salcudin, da Peter Zandrate daga cikin tunanin mai ban sha'awa da kuma tarihin binciken Columbia na Jami'ar Sirrin Jami'ar Columbia na tallafi da kudade.
RH, PP, ZH, Rs da ma sun da alhakin bunkasa abun cikin koyarwa. RH da PP sun kasance masu daukar nauyin bunkasa misalan shirye-shiryen. Kyf, oy, MT da PW sun kasance suna da alhakin kungiyar kwayar halitta na aikin da kuma nazarin bitar. Rh, oy, MT, Rs suna da alhakin ƙirƙirar adadi da alluna. Rh, Kyf, PP, Zh, My, PW, STL, MA, Rs suna da alhakin zane da gyara takaddar.
Magungunan sadarwa na godiya Carolyn Mcregor, Fabio Moras, Fabio Morases, da Aditi Borakati don gudummawar gudummawar su ga sake nazarin wannan aikin.
Lokaci: Feb-19-2024