A al'ada, malamai suna koyar da jarrabawar jiki (PE) ga sabbin likitoci (wadanda aka horar), duk da ƙalubalen ɗaukar ma'aikata da kuɗaɗen aiki, da kuma ƙalubalen da ake fuskanta ta hanyar dabarun da aka tsara.
Muna gabatar da wani tsari wanda ke amfani da ƙungiyoyin malaman lafiya (SPIs) da ɗaliban likitanci na shekara ta huɗu (MS4s) don koyar da azuzuwan ilimin motsa jiki ga ɗaliban da ke shirin fara aikin likitanci, tare da cin gajiyar koyo tare da taimakon takwarorinsu.
Binciken da aka gudanar kan ɗaliban da suka fara aikin kafin a fara aikin, MS4 da SPI ya nuna kyakkyawan fahimta game da shirin, inda ɗaliban MS4 suka ba da rahoton ci gaba mai mahimmanci a cikin ƙwarewarsu ta aiki a matsayin masu ilimi. Ayyukan ɗaliban da suka fara aikin kafin a fara aikin a jarrabawar ƙwarewar asibiti ta bazara sun yi daidai da ko sun fi na takwarorinsu na kafin a fara aikin.
Ƙungiyar SPI-MS4 za ta iya koyar da ɗaliban da ba su fara aiki ba yadda ya kamata dabarun da kuma tushen asibiti na jarrabawar jiki ta farko.
Sabbin ɗaliban likitanci (ɗaliban da ke shirin fara aikin likitanci) suna koyon gwajin jiki na asali (PE) a farkon makarantar likitanci. Gudanar da azuzuwan ilimin motsa jiki ga ɗaliban makarantar shiryawa. A al'ada, amfani da malamai yana da rashin amfani, wato: 1) suna da tsada; 3) suna da wahalar ɗaukar ma'aikata; 4) suna da wahalar daidaitawa; 5) wasu bambance-bambance na iya tasowa; kurakurai da aka rasa da kuma bayyanannu [1, 2] 6) Ba za su iya saba da hanyoyin koyarwa bisa shaida ba [3] 7) Za su iya jin cewa ƙwarewar koyar da ilimin motsa jiki ba ta isa ba [4];
An ƙirƙiri samfuran horar da motsa jiki masu nasara ta amfani da ainihin marasa lafiya [5], ɗaliban likitanci ko mazauna [6, 7], da kuma mutanen da ba su da lafiya [8] a matsayin malamai. Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa duk waɗannan samfuran suna da alaƙa da cewa aikin ɗalibai a darussan ilimin motsa jiki ba ya raguwa saboda cire halartar malamai [5, 7]. Duk da haka, masu ilimi marasa lafiya ba su da ƙwarewa a cikin yanayin asibiti [9], wanda yake da mahimmanci ga ɗalibai su iya amfani da bayanan wasanni don gwada hasashe na ganewar asali. Don magance buƙatar daidaitawa da yanayin asibiti a cikin koyarwar ilimin motsa jiki, ƙungiyar malamai ta ƙara darussan ganewar asali bisa ga hasashen a cikin koyarwarsu ta marasa lafiya [10]. A Makarantar Magunguna ta Jami'ar George Washington (GWU), muna magance wannan buƙata ta hanyar samfurin ƙungiyoyin masu ilimin marasa lafiya (SPIs) da manyan ɗaliban likitanci (MS4s). (Hoto na 1) An haɗa SPI da MS4 don koyar da PE ga masu horo. SPI tana ba da ƙwarewa a cikin hanyoyin gwajin MS4 a cikin yanayin asibiti. Wannan samfurin yana amfani da ilmantarwa tare, wanda shine kayan aikin koyo mai ƙarfi [11]. Saboda ana amfani da SP a kusan dukkan makarantun likitanci na Amurka da makarantu na ƙasashen duniya da yawa [12, 13], kuma makarantun likitanci da yawa suna da shirye-shiryen ɗalibai da malamai, wannan samfurin yana da yuwuwar amfani da shi sosai. Manufar wannan labarin ita ce bayyana wannan tsarin horo na musamman na ƙungiyar SPI-MS4 (Hoto na 1).
Taƙaitaccen bayani game da tsarin koyo na haɗin gwiwa na MS4-SPI. MS4: SPI na Ɗalibin Likita na Shekara ta Huɗu: Malamin Marasa Lafiya Mai Daidaitacce;
Binciken lafiyar jiki da ake buƙata (PDX) a GWU wani ɓangare ne na kwas ɗin ƙwarewar asibiti kafin ma'aikacin jinya a fannin likitanci. Sauran abubuwan da aka haɗa: 1) Haɗin kai na asibiti (zaman rukuni bisa ga ƙa'idar PBL); 2) Hira; 3) Darussan horarwa OSCE; 4) Horarwa ta asibiti (amfani da ƙwarewar asibiti ta hanyar likitoci masu aiki); 5) Koyarwa don haɓaka ƙwarewa; PDX yana aiki a cikin ƙungiyoyin masu horo 4-5 waɗanda ke aiki a kan ƙungiyar SPI-MS4 iri ɗaya, suna haɗuwa sau 6 a shekara na tsawon awanni 3 kowannensu. Yawan ajin shine kimanin ɗalibai 180, kuma kowace shekara tsakanin ɗalibai 60 zuwa 90 na MS4 ana zaɓar su a matsayin malamai don darussan PDX.
MS4s suna samun horon malamai ta hanyar zaɓin malamai na TALKS (Koyarwa da Ƙwarewa) na ci gaba, wanda ya haɗa da bita kan ƙa'idodin koyo na manya, ƙwarewar koyarwa, da kuma bayar da ra'ayi [14]. SPIs suna fuskantar wani shiri mai zurfi na horo mai tsayi wanda Mataimakin Daraktan Cibiyar Kwaikwayo ta CLASS (JO) ya haɓaka. Darussan SP an tsara su ne bisa ga jagororin da malamai suka tsara waɗanda suka haɗa da ƙa'idodin koyo na manya, salon koyo, da jagoranci na rukuni da kwarin gwiwa. Musamman, horon SPI da daidaitawa yana faruwa a matakai da yawa, farawa daga lokacin bazara kuma yana ci gaba a duk tsawon shekarar makaranta. Darussan sun haɗa da yadda ake koyarwa, sadarwa da gudanar da azuzuwan; yadda darasin ya dace da sauran darasin; yadda ake ba da ra'ayi; yadda ake gudanar da motsa jiki da koyar da su ga ɗalibai. Don tantance ƙwarewa ga shirin, SPIs dole ne su wuce gwajin sanyawa wanda memba na ƙungiyar SP ke gudanarwa.
MS4 da SPI sun kuma halarci taron bita na tsawon awanni biyu tare don bayyana rawar da suka taka wajen tsarawa da aiwatar da manhajar karatu da kuma tantance ɗaliban da suka shiga horon kafin fara aiki. Tsarin bitar shine tsarin GRPI (manufofi, matsayi, matakai da abubuwan da suka shafi hulɗa da mutane) da kuma ka'idar Mezirow ta ilmantarwa mai sauyi (tsari, gabatarwa da abubuwan da ke ciki) don koyar da ra'ayoyin ilmantarwa tsakanin fannoni daban-daban (ƙari) [15, 16]. Yin aiki tare a matsayin malamai tare ya yi daidai da ka'idojin ilmantarwa na zamantakewa da na gogewa: ana ƙirƙirar koyo a cikin musayar zamantakewa tsakanin membobin ƙungiya [17].
Tsarin karatun PDX an tsara shi ne bisa ga tsarin Core and Clusters (C+C) [18] don koyar da PE a cikin mahallin tunani na asibiti tsawon watanni 18, tare da manhajar kowace ƙungiya ta mai da hankali kan gabatarwar marasa lafiya na yau da kullun. Da farko ɗalibai za su yi nazarin ɓangaren farko na C+C, jarrabawar motsa jiki mai tambayoyi 40 wanda ya shafi manyan tsarin gabobin jiki. Jarabawar farko jarrabawa ce mai sauƙi kuma mai amfani wacce ba ta da wahala fiye da jarrabawar gabaɗaya ta gargajiya. Jarabawar asali ta dace da shirya ɗalibai don ƙwarewar asibiti ta farko kuma makarantu da yawa suna karɓar ta. Daga nan ɗalibai suka ci gaba zuwa ɓangaren na biyu na C+C, Diagnostic Cluster, wanda rukuni ne na H&Ps da aka tsara bisa ga takamaiman gabatarwar asibiti da aka tsara don haɓaka ƙwarewar tunani na asibiti. Ciwon ƙirji misali ne na irin wannan bayyanar asibiti (Tebur 1). Ƙungiyoyi suna cire ayyukan asali daga jarrabawar farko (misali, auscultation na zuciya na asali) kuma suna ƙara ƙarin ayyuka na musamman waɗanda ke taimakawa wajen bambance ƙwarewar ganewar asali (misali, sauraron ƙarin sautunan zuciya a cikin matsayin decubitus na gefe). Ana koyar da C+C tsawon watanni 18 kuma manhajar karatun tana ci gaba, inda aka fara horar da ɗalibai a cikin gwaje-gwajen motsa jiki na kusan 40 sannan, idan sun shirya, za su shiga cikin ƙungiyoyi, kowannensu yana nuna aikin asibiti wanda ke wakiltar tsarin tsarin gabobi. Ɗalibin yana fuskantar (misali, ciwon ƙirji da ƙarancin numfashi yayin toshewar numfashi na zuciya) (Tebur 2).
A shirye-shiryen kwas ɗin PDX, ɗaliban da ke shirin kammala karatun digiri na uku suna koyon ka'idojin ganewar asali da suka dace (Hoto na 2) da kuma horon jiki a cikin littafin PDX, littafin nazarin ganewar jiki, da bidiyoyi masu bayani. Jimillar lokacin da ake buƙata don ɗalibai su shirya don kwas ɗin shine kimanin mintuna 60-90. Ya haɗa da karanta Kunshin Cluster (shafuka 12), karanta babi na Bates (~shafuka 20), da kallon bidiyo (minti 2-6) [19]. Ƙungiyar MS4-SPI tana gudanar da tarurruka daidai gwargwado ta amfani da tsarin da aka ƙayyade a cikin littafin (Tebur 1). Da farko suna yin gwajin baki (yawanci tambayoyi 5-7) akan ilimin kafin zaman (misali, menene ilimin halittar jiki da mahimmancin S3? Wane ganewar asali ke tallafawa kasancewarsa a cikin marasa lafiya da ke da ƙarancin numfashi?). Sannan suna sake duba ka'idojin ganewar asali kuma suna share shakkun ɗaliban da ke shiga horon kafin kammala karatun digiri. Sauran kwas ɗin shine darussan ƙarshe. Da farko, ɗalibai suna shirya don yin atisaye suna yin atisayen jiki a kan junansu da kuma akan SPI kuma suna ba da ra'ayi ga ƙungiyar. A ƙarshe, SPI ta gabatar musu da wani bincike kan "Ƙaramin Tsarin OSCE." Ɗalibai sun yi aiki biyu-biyu don karanta labarin da kuma yin nazari kan ayyukan wariya da aka yi a kan SPI. Bayan haka, bisa ga sakamakon kwaikwayon kimiyyar lissafi, ɗaliban da suka kammala karatun digiri sun gabatar da hasashe kuma sun gabatar da mafi yuwuwar ganewar asali. Bayan kwas ɗin, ƙungiyar SPI-MS4 ta tantance kowane ɗalibi sannan ta gudanar da kimanta kansa kuma ta gano wuraren da za a inganta don horo na gaba (Tebur 1). Ra'ayoyin da aka bayar muhimmin abu ne na kwas ɗin. SPI da MS4 suna ba da ra'ayoyin da aka bayar a kan lokaci a lokacin kowane zaman: 1) yayin da ɗalibai ke yin atisaye a kan junansu da kuma a kan SPI 2) a lokacin Mini-OSCE, SPI suna mai da hankali kan makanikai kuma MS4 suna mai da hankali kan tunani na asibiti; SPI da MS4 kuma suna ba da ra'ayoyin da aka rubuta a rubuce a ƙarshen kowane zangon karatu. Ana shigar da wannan ra'ayin a cikin tsarin kula da ilimin likitanci na kan layi a ƙarshen kowane zangon karatu kuma yana shafar maki na ƙarshe.
Daliban da ke shirin yin atisaye sun bayyana ra'ayoyinsu game da wannan kwarewa a wani bincike da Sashen Kimantawa da Binciken Ilimi na Jami'ar George Washington ya gudanar. Kashi casa'in da bakwai cikin ɗari na ɗaliban da ke karatun digiri na farko sun yarda ko sun yarda cewa darasin binciken jiki yana da matuƙar muhimmanci kuma ya haɗa da sharhin bayani:
"Ina ganin cewa darussan binciken jiki sune mafi kyawun ilimin likitanci; misali, lokacin da kake koyarwa daga mahangar ɗalibi na shekara ta huɗu da kuma majiyyaci, kayan aikin sun dace kuma abin da ake yi a aji yana ƙarfafa su."
"SPI tana ba da kyakkyawan shawara kan hanyoyin da za a iya bi don aiwatar da hanyoyin aiki kuma tana ba da shawara mai kyau kan wasu abubuwan da ka iya haifar da rashin jin daɗi ga marasa lafiya."
"SPI da MS4 suna aiki tare sosai kuma suna samar da sabon hangen nesa kan koyarwa wanda yake da matuƙar muhimmanci. MS4 yana ba da haske game da manufofin koyarwa a fannin aikin asibiti.
"Ina so mu haɗu akai-akai. Wannan shine ɓangaren da na fi so a cikin aikin likitanci kuma ina jin kamar ya ƙare da sauri."
Daga cikin waɗanda aka yi wa tambayoyi, kashi 100% na SPI (N=16 [100%]) da MS4 (N=44 [77%]) sun ce ƙwarewarsu a matsayin mai koyar da PDX ta kasance mai kyau; kashi 91% da 93%, bi da bi, na SPIs da MS4s sun ce suna da gogewa a matsayin mai koyar da PDX; kyakkyawar gogewa ta aiki tare.
Binciken da muka yi kan ra'ayoyin MS4 game da abin da suka daraja a cikin gogewarsu a matsayin malamai ya haifar da waɗannan jigogi: 1) Aiwatar da ka'idar koyo ta manya: ƙarfafa ɗalibai da ƙirƙirar yanayi mai aminci na koyo. 2) Shirya koyarwa: tsara aikace-aikacen asibiti mai dacewa, tsammanin tambayoyin masu horo, da haɗin gwiwa don nemo amsoshi; 3) Yin kwaikwayon ƙwarewa; 4) Wuce tsammanin: isa da wuri da barin aiki a makare; 5) Ra'ayoyi: fifita ra'ayoyin da suka dace, masu ma'ana, ƙarfafawa da ginawa; Ba wa masu horo shawara kan halaye na karatu, yadda za a kammala darussan tantance jiki, da kuma shawarwarin aiki.
Daliban Gidauniya suna shiga jarrabawar ƙarshe ta OSCE mai sassa uku a ƙarshen zangon karatu na bazara. Domin tantance ingancin shirinmu, mun kwatanta aikin ɗaliban da suka yi horo a fannin kimiyyar lissafi na OSCE kafin da kuma bayan ƙaddamar da shirin a 2010. Kafin 2010, masu koyar da likitoci na MS4 sun koyar da ɗaliban da ke karatun digiri na farko na PDX. Banda shekarar canji ta 2010, mun kwatanta alamun bazara na OSCE don ilimin motsa jiki na 2007-2009 da alamun 2011-2014. Adadin ɗaliban da suka shiga cikin OSCE ya kama daga 170 zuwa 185 a kowace shekara: ɗalibai 532 a cikin ƙungiyar kafin shiga da ɗalibai 714 a cikin ƙungiyar bayan shiga.
An taƙaita sakamakon jarrabawar bazara ta 2007-2009 da 2011-2014, ana auna su da girman samfurin shekara-shekara. Yi amfani da samfura 2 don kwatanta jimlar GPA na kowace shekara ta lokacin da ya gabata da jimlar GPA na lokacin da ya gabata ta amfani da gwajin t-test. GW IRB ta keɓe wannan binciken kuma ta sami izinin ɗalibai don amfani da bayanan ilimi nasu ba tare da ɓoye ba don binciken.
Matsakaicin maki na sassan jarrabawar jiki ya ƙaru sosai daga 83.4 (SD=7.3, n=532) kafin shirin zuwa 89.9 (SD=8.6, n=714) bayan shirin (matsakaicin canji = 6, 5; 95% CI: 5.6 zuwa 7.4; p<0.0001) (Tebur na 3). Duk da haka, tunda sauyawa daga koyarwa zuwa ma'aikatan da ba sa koyarwa ya zo daidai da canje-canje a cikin manhajar karatu, ba za a iya bayyana bambance-bambancen maki na OSCE a sarari ta hanyar kirkire-kirkire ba.
Tsarin koyarwa na ƙungiyar SPI-MS4 wata hanya ce mai kyau ta koyar da ɗaliban likitanci ilimin motsa jiki na asali don shirya su don fara fuskantar asibiti. Wannan yana ba da madadin tasiri ta hanyar kauce wa shingen da ke tattare da halartar malamai. Hakanan yana ba da ƙarin ƙima ga ƙungiyar koyarwa da ɗaliban da suka fara aiki: duk suna amfana daga koyo tare. Fa'idodin sun haɗa da fallasa ɗalibai kafin yin aiki ga ra'ayoyi daban-daban da kuma abubuwan koyi don haɗin gwiwa [23]. Mabambantan ra'ayoyi da ke tattare da koyon haɗin gwiwa suna ƙirƙirar yanayi mai ginawa [10] wanda waɗannan ɗaliban ke samun ilimi daga tushe biyu: 1) kinesthetic - gina ingantattun dabarun motsa jiki, 2) roba - gina tunanin bincike. MS4s kuma suna amfana daga koyon haɗin gwiwa, suna shirya su don aikin haɗin gwiwa na gaba tare da ƙwararrun lafiya.
Tsarinmu ya haɗa da fa'idodin koyon takwarorinsu [24]. Ɗaliban da ke yin aikin kafin lokaci suna amfana daga daidaitawar fahimta, yanayin koyo mai aminci, zamantakewa da koyi da MS4, da kuma "koyo biyu" - daga koyon farko da na wasu; Suna kuma nuna ci gaban ƙwarewarsu ta hanyar koyar da ƙananan takwarorinsu kuma suna amfani da damar da malamai ke bayarwa don haɓaka da haɓaka ƙwarewar koyarwa da jarrabawa. Bugu da ƙari, ƙwarewar koyarwarsu tana shirya su su zama masu ilimi masu inganci ta hanyar horar da su don amfani da hanyoyin koyarwa masu tushen shaida.
An koyi darussa yayin aiwatar da wannan samfurin. Na farko, yana da mahimmanci a fahimci sarkakiyar dangantakar fannoni daban-daban tsakanin MS4 da SPI, saboda wasu ɗaruruwan ɗalibai ba su da cikakken fahimtar yadda za a yi aiki tare. Ayyuka bayyanannu, cikakkun bayanai da kuma tarurrukan bita na rukuni suna magance waɗannan batutuwa yadda ya kamata. Na biyu, dole ne a ba da horo mai zurfi don inganta ayyukan ƙungiya. Duk da cewa dole ne a horar da dukkan rukunin malamai don koyarwa, SPI kuma yana buƙatar a horar da shi kan yadda ake yin ƙwarewar jarrabawa da MS4 ta riga ta ƙware. Na uku, ana buƙatar tsari mai kyau don daidaita jadawalin aiki na MS4 da kuma tabbatar da cewa dukkan ƙungiyar suna nan don kowane zaman tantancewa na jiki. Na huɗu, ana sa ran sabbin shirye-shirye za su fuskanci wasu ƙalubale daga malamai da manajoji, tare da hujjoji masu ƙarfi don goyon bayan inganci da farashi;
A taƙaice, tsarin koyar da ilimin halittar jiki na SPI-MS4 yana wakiltar wani sabon abu na musamman kuma mai amfani a cikin manhaja wanda ɗaliban likitanci za su iya koyan ƙwarewar jiki cikin nasara daga ƙwararrun likitoci waɗanda ba likitoci ba ne da aka horar da su sosai. Tunda kusan dukkan makarantun likitanci a Amurka da makarantun likitanci da yawa na ƙasashen waje suna amfani da SP, kuma makarantun likitanci da yawa suna da shirye-shiryen ɗalibai da malamai, wannan tsarin yana da yuwuwar amfani da shi sosai.
Ana samun bayanai game da wannan binciken daga Dr. Benjamin Blatt, MD, Daraktan Cibiyar Nazarin GWU. Duk bayananmu an gabatar da su a cikin binciken.
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Lokacin Saƙo: Mayu-11-2024