Abubuwa masu girma da aka buga guda uku da aka buga su (3Dpams) da alama kayan aiki ne da ya dace saboda ƙimar ilimi da yuwuwarsu. Dalilin wannan bita shine bayani da kuma nazarin hanyoyin da aka yi amfani da shi don ƙirƙirar ƙirar ɗan adam da kuma kimanta gudummawar mutum.
An gudanar da bincike na lantarki a cikin buga amfani da waɗannan sharuɗɗa: Ilimi, makaranta, koyarwa, koyarwa, bugu, bugu, bugu, ƙira, ƙira, ƙira, ƙira, ƙira, ƙira, ƙira, ƙira, ƙira, ƙira, ƙira, ƙira, ƙira, ƙira, ƙira, ƙira, ƙira, ƙira, ƙira, ƙira, ƙira, ƙira, ƙira, ƙira, ƙira, ƙira, ƙira, ƙira, ƙira, ƙira, ƙira, ƙira, ƙira, ƙirar itace . . Figuresan da aka haɗa sun haɗa da halaye na nazarin, ƙirar ƙira, kimantawa na ilimin halittar jiki, aikin ilimi, ƙarfi da kasawa.
Daga cikin labaran 68, mafi yawan adadin nazarin da aka mai da hankali ga yankin Cranial (labaran 33); Labarai 51 suna ambaton buga bugun kashi. A cikin labaran 47, 3dpam aka bunkasa dangane da hada hada-hadar. Ana lissafa layi biyar na biyar. An yi amfani da robobi da abubuwan haɗinsu a cikin karatun 48. Kowane zanen yana da farashin daga $ 1.25 zuwa $ 2,800. Karatun talatin da bakwai idan aka kwatanta 3dpam tare da samfuran tunani. Labarai na talatin da uku suna bincika ayyukan ilimi. Manyan fa'idodin gani ne na gani da dabara, mai iya koyon aiki, tanadi lokaci, karfin tunani, karfin tunani da kuma gamsuwa na ilimi. Babban rashi na rashin dangantaka da ƙira: daidaito, rashin cikakken bayani ko nuna bambanci, launuka masu haske da tsada mai tsawo.
Wannan sake dubawa na tsari ya nuna cewa 3DPAM yana da inganci kuma mai amfani don ilimin ƙirar antatomy. Morearin samfurori na gaske na buƙatar amfani da ƙarin fasahohi na 3D na 3D na zamani da lokutan ƙira, wanda zai ƙara yawan kuɗin gaba ɗaya. Makullin shine zaɓi hanyar da ta dace. Daga ra'ayi mai zurfi, 3dpam kayan aiki ne mai tasiri don koyar da ilmin jikin mutum, tare da tasiri mai kyau kan sakamako na koyo da gamsuwa. Tasirin koyarwa na 3DPam ya fi kyau idan ya fara samar da rikice-rikicen rikice-rikicen da ɗalibai suna amfani da shi da wuri a cikin aikin likita.
Karkatar da gawawwakin dabbobin dabbobi tun bayan tsohuwar Girka kuma ɗayan manyan hanyoyin koyar da ilmin jikin mutum ne. Dokar Cadaveric da aka yi yayin aiwatar da horo na kwarai a cikin daliban karatun likitocin jami'ar kuma a yanzu haka a yanzu haka suna dauke da ka'idodin zinare na nazarin Anatomy [1,3,5]. Koyaya, akwai shinge da yawa don amfani da samfuran Cadaveric, suna nuna binciken don sabon kayan aikin horo [6, 7]. Wasu daga cikin wadannan sabbin kayan aikin sun hada da gaskiyar ranar, kayan aikin dijital, da kuma bugu na 3D. Dangane da jerin rubutun kwanan nan ta Santos et al. [8] Daliccin darajar wadannan sabbin fasahohi don koyar da ilmin jikin mutum, 3D dangane da darajar ilimi ga ɗalibai kuma cikin yanayi na aiwatarwa [4,9,10] .
Karin bugun 3D ba sabon abu bane. Kayan kwastomomin farko da suka shafi wannan ranar fasaha ta baya zuwa 1984: le MéHauté, Mulari da JC André a Faransa, daga baya kuma C Hull a Amurka. Tun daga wannan lokacin, fasahar ta ci gaba da juyinta da kuma amfaninta ya fadada zuwa yankuna da yawa. Misali, Nasa buga abu na farko bayan duniya a cikin 2014 [11]. Filin likita ya kuma karɓi wannan sabon kayan aiki, ta yadda ƙara sha'awar haɓaka magunguna na mutum [12].
Many authors have demonstrated the benefits of using 3D printed anatomical models (3DPAM) in medical education [10, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19]. Lokacin koyar da ƙirar ɗan adam, ana buƙatar ƙirar al'ada da kuma ana buƙatar ƙirar al'ada ta al'ada. Wasu ra'ayoyin sun bincika samfuran horarwa / tiyata [8, 20, 21]. Don haɓaka ƙirar matasan don koyar da ƙirar ɗan adam kamar yadda aka buga sababbin abubuwa na ɗan adam da yadda ɗalibai suka kimanta abubuwan koyo na 3D.
An gudanar da wannan bita na tsararru a watan Yuni 2022 ta amfani da Prisma (abubuwan da aka fi so su nazarin abubuwan da ke tattare da ka'idoji da ƙa'idoji) ba tare da ƙuntatawa lokaci [22].
Hukumar hada da dokokin bincike sun kasance duk takardun bincike ta amfani da 3dpam a cikin koyarwar ilimin halittar / koyo. Rubutun litattafan, haruffa, ko labarai sun mai da hankali kan ƙirar cututtuka, samfuran dabbobi, ƙirar archaeological, da kuma ƙirar horarwa / na jini / na jini. Kawai triveicles da aka buga a Turanci. Labaran ba tare da samuwa akan layi ba a cire su. Labarai waɗanda suka haɗa da samfura da yawa, aƙalla ɗaya daga cikin abin da ke cikin al'ada ne ko kuma yana da ƙarancin ƙwayoyin cuta ba ya shafi darajar koyarwa, an haɗa su.
An gudanar da binciken wallafe-wallafe a cikin cibiyar lantarki, NCBI) don gano ƙa'idojin da suka dace da Yuni 2022. Yi amfani da kalmomin masu zuwa: Ilimi, koyarwa, koyarwa, koyo, ilimi, ilimi, ilimi, ilimi, ilimi, ilimi, ilimi, ilimi, ilimi, ilimi, ilimi, ilimi, ilimi, ilimi, ilimi, ilimi, ilimi, ilimi, ilimi, ilimi, ilimi, ilimi, ilimi, ilimi, ilimi Gumi, 3d, 3D, bugu, bugu, bugu, bugu, buga, anatomy, ilmin jikin mutum da ilmin jikin mutum. An aiwatar da tambayar guda Ilimi [Take / Abbushin]) Da (Take] ko 3D] ko 3D] ko (taken] ko (taken] ko (taken] ko (taken] ]]] / a rarrafe] ko ƙamus / ba] ko ƙwararraki / ba] ko ƙwararru / mai hankali]. An gano ƙarin labaran da hannu yayin bincika bayanan da ke tattare da hannu da hannu. Ba a yi amfani da ƙuntatawa ta kwanan wata ba, amma an yi amfani da "mutum".
Duk taken da aka dawo dasu da kera an bincika su a kan hada hade da sharuɗɗa ta hanyar marubuta biyu (EBR da al), da kuma duk wani binciken ba a cire duk ƙididdigar cancanta ba. Fassarar littattafan rubutu na rubutu na karatun da marubutan uku (EBR, Ebe da Al). Lokacin da ya cancanta, rashin jituwa cikin zaɓin labaran da mutum na huɗu (LT). Wallafe-wallafen da suka sadu da dukkanin hadari da hada hadaya a cikin wannan bita.
An yi hakar data da kansa da marubuta biyu (EBR da al) ƙarƙashin kulawar marubucin na uku (LT).
- Data zane mai zane: yankuna na kunnawa, takamaiman kayan rubutu na farko, hanyar siyarwa, nau'in firinta, nau'in firinji da yawa, launi, launi, buga farashi.
- kimantawa kimantawa na ƙira: samfuran da aka yi amfani da su don kwatantawa, kimanta kimiyyar kwararru / malamai, yawan masu kimantawa.
- Koyar da samfurin 3D: Ingantaccen ilimin ɗalibi, hanyar tantancewa, yawan ɗaliban, yawan kwatancen ɗalibai, bazuwar ɗalibai, ilimi / nau'in ɗalibi.
An gano karatun 418 a cikin jerin gwal, kuma an cire labaran 139 ta hanyar "internan Adam". Bayan nazarin taken da kuma abubuwan da aka zaba, an zaɓi karatun 103 don karatun daban-daban. Labarai 34 sun cire saboda nau'ikan samfuran cuta ne (9 labaran / 7), misalai 4), Mataki na dabbobi (1 labarin) ko kuma ba su da tushe na kimiyya (16 gaji). ). An hada labarai 68 a cikin bita. Hoto na 1 yana gabatar da tsarin zaɓi azaman ginshiƙi mai gudana.
Alamar Gudummawar ta taƙaita tantancewar, nunawa, da kuma haɗa labarai a cikin wannan bita
An buga dukkan karatun tsakanin shekarar 2014 da 2022, tare da matsakaicin fadawa na 2019 gwaji. Kawai kwatankwacin. Daga cikin 50 (73%) nazarin gwaji, 21 (31%) ya yi amfani da Rugachization. Nazarin 34 kawai (50%) sun haɗa da binciken ƙididdiga. 1 Tebur 1 ya taƙaita halayen kowane nazari.
Kashi 33% (48%) Ya bincika yankin, 19 labaran (28%) na bincika yankin da ciki 17% (22%) (22%) yayi nazari da abubuwan sha. Labarai hamsin da ɗaya (75%) sun ambata ƙasusuwa 3D a matsayin ƙirar anatmocal ko ƙananan ƙirar anatiry.
Dangane da samfuran tushe ko fayiloli sunyi amfani da labarai na 3DPAM, 23 (34%) sun ambaci amfani da bayanan Cadaveric, da kuma labarai 17 (25%) waɗanda aka ambata amfani da bayanan bayanai. Yi amfani da, da 7 nazarin (10%) bai bayyana tushen takardun da aka yi amfani da amfani ba.
Nazari 47 (69%) wanda aka kirkira na 3DPam bisa ga hada gida, da 3 na karatu (4%) ya ruwaito amfani da microcccroct. Masana 7 (10%) waɗanda aka tsara suna amfani da abubuwa na 3D da ke amfani da suptical, labarai 4 (6%) Amfani da MRI, da Mataki na ashirin (1%) ta amfani da kyamarori da kuma microscopes. Labarai 14 (21%) ba a ambaci tushen fayil ɗin ƙirar 3D Model na 3D. An ƙirƙiri fayilolin 3D tare da matsakaicin ƙuduri na ƙasa da 0.5 mm. Matsakaicin ƙuduri shine 30 μm [80] Kuma matsakaicin ƙuduri shine 1.5 mm [32].
Aikace-aikacen software na daban-daban (kashi kashi ɗaya (kashi kashi ɗaya), an yi amfani da zane ko bugawa. Mimics (Franniwe, Fauven, Belgium) ana amfani dashi mafi sau da yawa (Autodesk, Geomagic (Auties, MO, NC, Leesville) . (Nazari 10, 15%), 3D SLIRER (SLLENGER INLIER, Boston, Amsterdam, Netherlands) (Gidaje 8%) (7 na karatu, 10%).
An ambaci zane-zane na zane-zane na zane-zane guda biyu da bakwai daban-daban guda bakwai daban-daban guda bakwai. An yi amfani da fasahar Sirri (38%), Abunda ke cikin kayayyaki 13 (11%) kuma a ƙarshe sasanta (samfuran 11%). A mafi ƙarancin fasahar da aka yi amfani da ita ce satar bayanai (salla) (SL) (5 labaran, 7%) da kuma zaban Laser na Laser (sls) (6 labaran, 6%). Mafi yawanci ana amfani da firinta mai amfani (10%) yana da haɗin haɗi 500 (Stratesys, Rehobow, ya Isra'ila)
Lokacin tantance kayan da ake amfani da su don yin 3DPAM (labaru 51), kashi na 78%), nazarin 48% (71%) da abubuwan shakatawa da abubuwan da suka yi amfani da su. Babban kayan da aka yi amfani da su sune pla (polylactic acid) (n = 20%), 13%) da kuma metadane styreane) (nau'ikan 7%). Motoci 23 (34%) bincika 3dpam da aka yi daga kayan da yawa, labarai 36% (53%) an gabatar da 3spam daga abu ɗaya, da labarai 9 kawai (13%) ba su bayyana kayan.
Labarai ashirin da guda (43%) sun ruwaito Buga Buga daga 0.25: 1 zuwa 2: 1, tare da matsakaita na 1: 1. Sifiku ashirin da biyar (37%) sunyi amfani da 1: 1 rabo. 28 3DPAMs (41%) consisted of multiple colors, and 9 (13%) were dyed after printing [43, 46, 49, 54, 58, 59, 65, 69, 75].
Labaran talatin da hudu (50%) an ambaci farashi. Labaran 9 (13%) sun ambaci farashin firintocin 3D da albarkatun kasa. Talla a cikin farashin daga $ 302 zuwa $ 65,000. A lokacin da aka ayyana, farashin ƙira yana daga $ 1.25 zuwa $ 2,800; Wadannan matsanancin aiki suna dacewa da samfurori masu kasusuwa [47] da ƙirar Rediyon Rediyon [48]. 2 Tebur 2 ya taƙaita bayanan ƙirar kowane bincike.
Karatun talatin da bakwai (54%) idan aka kwatanta da 3DAPM zuwa samfurin tunani. Daga cikin wadannan karatun, mafi yawan maimaitawa wani tsari ne na ilmin halitta, wanda aka yi amfani da shi a cikin labarai 14 (kashi 38%), shirye-shiryen shirye-shirye a cikin labaran 6 (16%). Amfani da gaskiya, Hoto na Gomraraphy One 3Dpam a cikin 5 labaran (kashi 8%), manyan wasanni a cikin labarin 1 (3%), radioogra.com, ƙirar kasuwanci a cikin 1 Mataki na (3%) da kuma ranar da aka yi a cikin labarin 1 (3%). Naudu'in da hudu (kashi 50%) da aka kimanta 3DPAM. Goma sha biyar (48%) Cikakken bayanan magunguna (Table 3). 3dpam an yi shi ta hanyar likitoci ko halartar likitocin cikin karatu na 7 (47%), kwararrun masana kimiyya a cikin karatu 6 (20%), ɗalibai (20%) don kimantawa Kuma daya mafi kimantawa a cikin labarin (7%). Matsakaicin adadin masu kimantawa shine 14 (mafi ƙarancin 2, iyakar 30). Karatun mutum talatin da uku (49%) ya ƙididdige ƙwayar cuta ta 3DPAM cikakke, kuma 10 na karatu (15%) ƙididdige Mulki na 3DPAM da yawa. Daga cikin karatun na 33 da ke amfani da kimantawa masu mahimmanci, 16 sun yi amfani da kimantawa masu ƙima (48%), an yi amfani da gwaje-gwaje 9 / kimantawa (24%). Tebur 3 yana taƙaita kimanin kimanin ilimin cututtukan ƙirar a cikin kowane nazari ya kunshi.
Tarihi talatin da uku (48%) an bincika kuma idan aka kwatanta da tasirin koyarwa na 3DPam ga ɗalibai. Daga cikin waɗannan karatun, (70%) kimiyyar ƙwarewar ɗalibi, 17 (51%) amfani da samfuran samfuri, da 6 (18%) sun yi amfani da wasu hanyoyin. Labarai ashirin da biyu (67%) suna tantance koyon ɗalibin ta hanyar gwajin ilimi, wanda aka yi amfani da su da / ko posttes. Bincike na goma sha ɗaya (33%) Amfani da tambayoyi da gwaji don tantance ilimin ɗalibai, da kuma karatun guda biyar (15%) wanda aka yi amfani da hoto. Matsakaicin ɗalibai 76 waɗanda suka halarci kowane binciken (mafi karancin 8, iyakar 3199. Nazarin ashirin da hudu (72%) yana da rukunin sarrafawa, wanda aka yi amfani da 20 (60%) amfani da Rugachization. Sabanin haka, nazarin guda ɗaya (3%) an sanya ƙirar ƙirar da aka ba da izini ga ɗalibai 10 daban-daban. A matsakaita, an kwatanta kungiyoyi 2.6 (mafi ƙarancin 2, iyakar 10). Nazarin ashirin da uku (70%) ya ƙunshi ɗaliban likitanci, waɗanda 14 (42%) ɗaliban likitanci na farko ne. Rukunungiyoyi shida (18%) da suka shafi mazauna, 4 (12%) Daliban haƙori, da 3% ɗaliban kimiyya. Nazari shida (18%) aiwatar da aiki da kimantawa mai ilimi ta amfani da 3DPAM. Tebur 4 ya taƙaita sakamakon ƙididdigar 3DPam na kimantawa ga kowane binciken.
Babban amfanin amfani da 3dpam a matsayin kayan aiki na koyarwa don koyar da ilimin halittar dan adam na yau da kullun, [54, 77], 85], 85], 85], 85], 85], 85], 85], da kuma ingancin daidaito [34] . , 45, 48, 64], color and transparency [28, 45], reliability [24, 56, 73], educational effect [16, 32, 35, 39, 52, 57, 63, 69, 79], cost [ 27, 41, 44, 45, 48, 51, 60, 64, 80, 81, 83], reproducibility [80], possibility of improvement or personalization [28, 30, 36, 45, 48, 51, 53, 59, 61, 67, 80], ikon sarrafa ɗalibai [30, 49], Adana lokacin koyarwa [61, 80], da ikon haɗa ƙara mai amfani ko ƙirƙirar takamaiman tsarin [51, 53], 67], Tsarin ƙirar ƙirar Skeleton [81], iyawar haɗin kai da kuma amfani da samfuran Housation [23], 71], 71], 71], 71], da kuma a cikin malamin ilimi [ 25, 63] Da rigaru [25, 63]. 45, 46, 52, 52, 57, 63, 63, 69, 89, 89, 89, 89, 84].
The main disadvantages are related to design: rigidity [80], consistency [28, 62], lack of detail or transparency [28, 30, 34, 45, 48, 62, 64, 81], colors too bright [45]. da guntun ƙasa [71]. Wasu raunin da suka hada da asarar bayanai [30, 76], tsawon lokaci da ake buƙata don rarrabuwar hoto [57, 74], da rashin daidaituwa mai bambanci [25], da tsada. High [48].
Wannan bita na tsaka-tsaki tana takaita labarai 68 da aka wallafa sama da shekaru 9 kuma suna nuna sha'awar kimiyya a cikin 3dpam a matsayin kayan aiki don koyar da ilmin jikin mutum na al'ada. Kowane yankin da aka buga ya yi nazari kuma 3d buga. Daga cikin waɗannan labaran, labaran 37 idan aka kwatanta 3dpam tare da wasu samfurori, da kuma arbuka sun tantance mahimmancin ɗaukar nauyin 3DPam ga ɗalibai.
Bayar da bambance-bambance a cikin ƙirar zane-zane na 3D, ba mu ɗauki abin da ya dace don gudanar da bincike na meta-bincike. An buga a cikin binciken meta-bincike a cikin 2020 ya fi maida hankali kan gwajin ilimin ilimin ba tare da nazarin fannin fasaha da fasaha na zane na 3dpam da samarwa [10].
Yankin kai shine mafi yawan karatu, mai yiwuwa ne saboda hadaddun ilmin jikin sa ya sa ya zama da wahala ga ɗalibai don nuna wannan yankin ta fuskar sararin samaniya idan aka kwatanta da wata gabar ruwa uku idan aka kwatanta da gabar jiki. CT shine mafi yawan abubuwan da aka fi amfani da su na yau da kullun. Ana amfani da wannan dabarar sosai, musamman ma a cikin saitunan lafiya, amma yana da iyakataccen ƙuduri da ƙarancin ƙwayar cuta. Wadannan iyakoki suna yin CT scans ba su dace ba don rarrabuwa da ƙirar tsarin juyayi. A gefe guda, an haɗa shigography an fi dacewa da kashi na kashi na ƙashi / selinging; Bambancin ƙashi / mai taushi yana taimakawa kammala waɗannan matakan kafin bugu da zaɓuɓɓukan 3D buga samfuran da aka buga. A gefe guda, microct ana la'akari da fasahar tunani game da ƙudurin spatial a cikin tunanin ƙashi [70]. Hakanan za'a iya amfani da Mri ko Mri don samun hotuna. Addaddamar da mafi girma yana hana sutturar saman ƙashin ciki kuma yana kiyaye sarai na tsarin yanayin halittar [59]. Zaɓin ƙira shima yana shafar ƙudurin spatial: Misali, samfurori masu lalacewa suna da ƙananan ƙuduri [45]. Masu zanen zane mai zane suna ƙirƙirar samfuran 3D na al'ada, wanda ke ƙaruwa farashi ($ 25 zuwa $ 150 a sa'a) [43]. Samun fayiloli masu inganci .Sl fayil bai isa ya haifar da ingantaccen tsarin ƙira ba. Wajibi ne a tantance sigogi na buga takardu, kamar jigon samfurin anatomical a kan farantin farantin [29]. Wasu marubutan suna nuna cewa fasahar buga littattafai na ci gaba kamar yadda Sls ya kamata a yi amfani da su duk inda zai yiwu don inganta daidaito na 3DPam [38]. Samar da 3dpam na bukatar taimako na kwararru; the most sought-after specialists are engineers [72], radiologists, [75], graphic designers [43] and anatomists [25, 28, 51, 57, 76, 77].
Raba da Sirrin Model na mahimman abubuwa ne masu mahimmanci a cikin samun ingantattun samfura na anatical, amma farashin waɗannan fakitin software da hadaddun su ya hana amfani da su. Nazarin da yawa sun kwatanta amfani da kunshin software daban-daban da fasahar buga littattafai, nuna fa'idodi da rashin amfanin kowane fasaha [68]. Baya ga Software na Modayi, Takaddun Kwallan Software ya dace da zaɓaɓɓen firinta wanda ake buƙata; Wasu marubutan sun fi son yin amfani da bugun 3d [75]. Idan an buga isassun abubuwa na 3D, hannun jarin na iya haifar da dawowar kuɗi [72].
Filastik shine mafi yawan abin da aka saba amfani dashi. Abubuwan da suke da yawa na rubutu da launuka suna sa kayan zaɓin don 3DPAM. Wasu marubutan sun yaba da babban ƙarfinsa idan aka kwatanta da Cadaveric Cadaveric ko samfur [24, 56, 73]. Wasu murabus har ma suna da lanƙwasa ko kayan shimfiɗawa. Misali, Filaflex tare da fasahar FDM zata iya shimfiɗa har zuwa 700%. Wasu marubutan sunyi la'akari da shi kayan zaɓi don tsoka, jijiya da jijiyoyin jijjiga [63]. A gefe guda, karatun biyu sun tayar da tambayoyi game da batun fiber a lokacin bugawa. A zahiri, file file, saka, saka, kuma ayyuka suna da mahimmanci a cikin modistan tsoka [33].
Abin mamaki, karancin bincike ambaci sikelin bugawa. Tunda mutane da yawa suna la'akari da rabo na 1: 1 Raco ya zama matsayin, marubucin zai iya zaba bai ambaci shi ba. Duk da cewa sawun zai zama da amfani ga koyan koyon da aka umarceshi a cikin manyan kungiyoyi, musamman tare da girma string girma, musamman tare da girma string girma. Tabbas, sikeli mai cikakken size yana sauƙaƙa ganowa da sadarwa da kalmomi daban-daban ga mara haƙuri, wanda na iya bayyana dalilin da yasa ake amfani da su da yawa.
Daga cikin manyan fayiloli da ake samu a kasuwa, waɗanda ke amfani da Polyjet (kayan inkjet ko abin ba'a) fasaha don samar da launi mai yawa tsakanin $ 20,000 da $ 250,000 (HTTPS: /www.ania.com/). Wannan babban farashi na iya iyakance gabatarwar 3DPam a makarantun likitocin. Baya ga farashin firintar, farashin kayan da ake buƙata don tawagar Inkjet ya fi filin bugawa ko FDM [68]. Farashin kuɗi don salla ko fdm fitshin 'yan FDM kuma suma suna iya araha, daga € 576 zuwa € 4,999 a cikin labaran da aka jera a cikin wannan bita. A cewar Tripodici da abokan aiki, ana iya buga kowane bangare na kasusuwa a dala miliyan 1.25 [47]. Hukumar goma sha ɗaya ta kammala cewa bugun 3D tana da rahusa fiye da filastik ko kasuwanci [24, 27, 41, 44, 43, 80, 81, 81, 81, 80]. Haka kuma, ana tsara waɗannan samfuran kasuwanci don samar da bayanan haƙuri ba tare da cikakken bayani ba don koyarwar ilimin halittar [80]. Wadannan samfuran kasuwanci ana ɗaukar su marasa ƙarfi ga 3DPAM [44]. Yana da mahimmanci a lura da hakan, ban da fasaha ta ƙarshe da aka yi amfani da ita, farashi na ƙarshe shine gwargwado ga sikelin sabili da haka girman ƙarshe na 3DPam [48]. Saboda waɗannan dalilai, an zaɓi cikakken sikelin [37].
Nazari daya ne kawai idan aka kwatanta 3dpam tare da samfurin anatical [72]. Samfuran Cadaveric sune mai amfani da abin da aka saba amfani da shi na 3DPAM. Duk da iyakokinsu, samfuran Cadaveric ya kasance mai mahimmanci kayan aiki don koyar da ilmin jikin mutum. Dole ne a sanya bambanci tsakanin autopsy, disse da bushe kashi. Dangane da gwaje-gwajen horo, Nazarin guda biyu sun nuna cewa 3DPAM ya fi dacewa da tasiri sosai fiye da dissection na zirga-zirgar [16, 27]. Nazari daya idan aka kwatanta awa daya na horo ta amfani da 3dpam (ƙananan tsaurara) tare da sa'a daya na rushe iri ɗaya [78]. Babu wasu bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci tsakanin hanyoyin koyarwa guda biyu. Wataƙila babu wani bincike kaɗan game da wannan batun saboda irin waɗannan kwatancen suna da wuyar yin. Discsiction shiri ne na lokacin cin nasara ga ɗalibai. Wasu lokuta ana buƙatar yawancin sa'o'i da yawa na shiri, gwargwadon abin da ake shirya shi. Za'a iya yin kwatancen na uku tare da ƙasusuwa bushe. Binciken ta Tsai da Smith sun gano cewa yawan gwajin sun kasance mafi kyawun ƙungiyar ta amfani da 3DPAM [51, 63]. Chen da abokan aiki sun lura cewa ɗalibai suna amfani da samfuran 3D da suka yi kyau a gano halittar (kwanyar), amma babu wani banbanci a cikin darajar McQ [69]. A ƙarshe, Tanner da abokan aiki sun nuna kyakkyawan sakamako na gwaji a cikin wannan rukunin na amfani da 3dpam na perypam na perypamt na fossgopalatine fossa [46]. Sauran kayan aikin koyarwa da aka gano a cikin wannan bita. Mafi yawan kowa a cikin su suna asari ne, gaskiyar gaskiya da wasanni masu mahimmanci [43]. A cewar mahrouus da abokan aiki, fifiko kan abubuwan kwaikwayo sun dogara da yawan sa'o'in sa'o'i da ɗalibai suna wasa wasannin [31]. A gefe guda, babban abin halarci na sabbin kayan aikin koyarwa na ƙirar cuta ne, musamman don kawai kayan aikin da aka yi kyau [48].
Mafi yawan karatu kimanta sabon 3DPAMAM sun yi amfani da wani ilmi. Wadannan abubuwan da suka fi dacewa suna taimakawa wajen guji nuna kaifin ra'ayi a cikin kimantawa. Wasu marubutan, kafin gudanar da bincike na gwaji, ware duk ɗaliban da suka zira fiye da matsakaita akan gwajin farko [40]. Daga cikin ƙalami da takara da aka ambata sune launi na samfurin da zaɓin masu sa kai a cikin ɗalibin ɗalibi [61]. Tashin hankali yana sauƙaƙa gano tsarin tsarin halittu. Chen da abokan aiki ya kafa tsauraran gwaji na gwaji ba tare da wani bambance-bambance na farko tsakanin kungiyoyi ba tsakanin kungiyoyi da kuma binciken ya makantar da zuwa iyakar mai yiwuwar [69]. Lim da abokan aiki suna ba da shawarar cewa tsarin gwajin bayan na uku don gujewa nuna nuna kaifin ra'ayi a cikin ƙididdigewa [16]. Wasu karatun sun yi amfani da na'urar daukar hoto don tantance yiwuwar 3DPAM. Wannan kayan aikin ya dace da tantance gamsuwa, amma har yanzu akwai mahimman mahimman labarai don sane da [86].
An yi da farko game da matakin farko na 3DPAM da aka yi da farko a tsakanin ɗaliban likitanci, ciki har da ɗaliban likitocin na shekaru 14, a cikin 14 na karatun shekara 14, a cikin 14 na karatun shekara 14, a cikin 14 na karatun shekara 14, a cikin 14 na karatun shekara 14, a cikin 14 na karatun shekara 14, a cikin 14 na karatun shekara 14, a cikin 14 na karatun shekara 14, a cikin 14 na karatun shekara 14, a cikin 14 na karatun shekara 14, a cikin 14 na karatun shekara 14, a cikin 14 na karatun shekara 14, a cikin 14 na karatun shekara 14, a cikin 14 na karatun shekara 14, a cikin 14 na karatun shekara 14, a cikin 14 na karatu. A cikin bincikensu na binciken matukinsu, Wilk da abokan aiki sun ba da labarin cewa ɗaliban likitanci sun yi imani cewa ya kamata a haɗa bugun 3D a cikin ilimin halittarsu [87]. Kashi 87% na daliban da aka bincika a cikin binciken Cercelelli sun yi imani cewa shekarar na biyu ta karatu shine mafi kyawun lokacin amfani da 3DPAM [84]. Sakamakon da aka samu kuma sakamakon abokan aiki ya kuma nuna cewa xalibai sun yi kyau idan sun taba yin nazari fagen yi magana [46]. Wadannan bayanan suna ba da shawarar cewa shekarar farko ta makarantar likita ita ce mafi kyau duka lokacin haɗa 3dpam cikin koyarwar ƙira cikin koyarwar halittar. Kuna da bincike na Meta-bincike game da wannan ra'ayin [18]. A fadin bangarorin 27 da aka hada a cikin binciken, akwai mahimman bambance-bambance a cikin aikin 3DPAM idan aka kwatanta da samfuran gargajiya a cikin ɗaliban likitanci, amma ba cikin mazauna ba.
3dpam a matsayin kayan aiki na koyo yana inganta nasarar ilimi [16, 35, 39, 57, 53, 53, 53, 46, 57, 53, 53, 53, 53 , 66]. , 69, 84]. Rarraba na masana sun gano waɗannan samfuran suna da amfani [37, 42, 41, 81, 81, 81, 82], kuma nazarin guda biyu sun sami gamsuwa da 3DP [25, 63]. Dukkanin kafofin, gida da abokan aiki suna la'akari da buga 3D don zama mafi kyawun madadin ƙirar gargajiya [49]. A cikin binciken su na farko, ku da abokan aiki waɗanda suka sami umarnin 3DPAM sun sami cikakkun bayanan gwaji fiye da ɗalibai waɗanda suka karɓi umarnin 2 ko Cadaver. Koyaya, sun rarrabe 3Dpam ba ta hanyar rikitarwa ba, amma kawai ta zuciya, tsarin juyayi, da kuma rami mai juyayi. A cikin karatun guda bakwai, 3dpam bai cika wasu nau'ikan da suka dogara da gwajin ilimi ke sarrafawa ga ɗalibai [32, 78, 77, 77, 77, 87, 87, 87, 87, 87, 87, 87, 87, 87, 87, 74, 74]. A cikin binciken da suka bincika su, Salazar da abokan aiki suka kammala da amfani da na 3DPam musamman inganta fahimtar da m Anatomy [17]. Wannan tunani ya yi daidai da wasiƙar Hugu da ga Edita [88]. Wasu yankunan da aka yi la'akari da ƙarancin hadaddun ba sa buƙatar amfani da 3DPAM, yayin da mafi yawan wurare masu rikitarwa (kamar wuyanta ko tsarin juyayi) zai zama zaɓin hankali ga 3DPAM. Wannan ra'ayi na iya bayyana dalilin da yasa wasu 3DPams ba su dauke su fi na gargajiya na gargajiya ba, musamman lokacin da ɗalibai ba su da ilimi a cikin yankin da aka samo aikin da zai zama mafifira. Don haka, gabatar da tsari mai sauƙi ga ɗaliban da sun sami ilimin batun (ɗaliban likitoci ko mazauna) ba su da taimako a inganta aikin ɗalibai.
Daga dukkan amfanin ilimi da aka jera, haruffa 11 ya jaddada halaye na gani ko dabara [27,34,45,455,65,65,65,65,65,75,65,75], da kuma 3 37 , 50 -52, 63, 79, 85, 86). Sauran fa'idodi sune cewa ɗalibai zasu iya sarrafa tsarin, malamai na iya ceton lokaci, suna da sauƙin kiyayewa a cikin sa'o'i 24, kuma ana iya amfani dashi azaman kayan aiki na gida, kuma ana iya amfani dashi don koyar da adadi mai yawa bayani. Kungiyoyi [30, 49, 60, 61, 80, 81]. Maimaita Buga 3D don koyarwar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta ta yi samfuran karɓar 3D na 3D samfurori na 3D mafi tsada [26]. Amfani da 3DPAM na iya inganta ikon tunani mai juyayi [23] da kuma inganta fassarar hotunan Girgishi-Sashen-Gorgeal [23, 32]. Nazarin biyu da aka gano cewa ɗalibai sun fallasa ga 3DPAM sun fi kowace tiyata [40, 74]. Masu haɗin kan ƙarfe za a iya saka su ƙirƙiri wurin da ake buƙata don nazarin ƙirar aikin aiki [51, 53], ko samfuran za a iya amfani da su ta amfani da zane mai zane [67].
3D Bugawa yana ba ƙirƙirar ƙirƙirar samfuran karkara ta hanyar inganta wasu fannoni a lokacin yin zane-zane, [58, 80] CREATSPARESS, [45] KO Yin wasu tsarin ciki na bayyane [30]. Trididi da abokan aiki sun yi amfani da fasahar yumɓu don dacewa da ƙirar kashi 3d ɗinsu, yana jaddada darajar samfuran haɗin da ke cikin kayan aikin koyarwa [47]. In 9 studies, color was applied after printing [43, 46, 49, 54, 58, 59, 65, 69, 75], but students applied it only once [49]. Abin takaici, binciken bai kimanta ingancin horar da samfurin ko jerin horo ba. Wannan ya kamata a yi la'akari da yanayin ilimin halittu, saboda amfanin koyo da karuwanci suna da kyau [89]. Don shawo kan manyan ayyukan talla, an yi amfani da koyan kai sau da yawa don kimanta samfura [24, 26, 27, 32,76].
Nazari daya ya kammala cewa launin kayan filastik ya yi haske sosai [41], wasu binciken ya yi rauni cewa samfurin ya yi rauni sosai a cikin ƙirar mutum [25, 45 ]. . Seven studies concluded that the anatomical detail of 3DPAM is insufficient [28, 34, 45, 48, 62, 63, 81].
Don ƙarin cikakkun hanyoyin da aka haɗa da yankuna masu rikitarwa, kamar su sexroeritoneum ko yanki na mahaifa, kashi na zamani yana da yawa (kimanin $ 2000). Hojo da abokan aiki sun bayar da rahoton a cikin bincikensu cewa samar da tsarin ƙirar ƙugu na ƙashin ƙugu ya ɗauki sa'o'i 40 [42]. Lokacin raba lokaci mafi dadewa ya kasance awanni 380 a cikin binciken da Weatherhall da abokan aiki, a cikin abin da da yawa model models aka hade don ƙirƙirar cikakken tsarin jirgin sama [36]. A cikin nazarin guda tara, yanki da lokaci na buga da aka ɗauka an dauke da rashin amfanin fa'idar da ba su da niyya [36, 42, 57, 74, 74]. However, 12 studies criticized the physical properties of their models, particularly their consistency, [28, 62] lack of transparency, [30] fragility and monochromaticity, [71] lack of soft tissue, [66] or lack of detail [28, 34]. , 45, 48, 62, 63, 81]. Wadannan raunukan za a iya shawo kan su ta hanyar ƙara yawan lokacin rudani. Rasa da maido da bayanan da suka dace matsala ce da kungiyoyi uku [30, 74, 77]. A cewar rahotanni haƙuri, Iodinated jamis bai ba da ingantaccen hangen nesa ba saboda iyakance iyaka [74]. Yin allurar Cadaveric da alama hanya ce mai kyau wacce ke motsawa daga ka'idar "kamar yadda zai yiwu" da iyakokin kashi na kwastomomi ke allura.
Abin takaici, labarai da yawa ba su ambaci wasu abubuwan mahimman bayanai na 3DPAM ba. Kasa da rabin labaran a bayyane aka ambata, ko ta 3dpam ya kasance. Coverassage na iyakokin ɗab'i ya saba da (kashi 43% na labaran, kuma 34% aka ambata amfani da kafofin watsa labarai da yawa. Waɗannan sigogin bugu suna da mahimmanci saboda sun yi tasiri kan kadarorin koyon na 3DPAM. Yawancin labaran ba su samar da isasshen bayani game da rikice-rikice na samun 3dpam (lokacin ƙira, cancantar ma'aikata, farashi na software, da sauransu). Wannan bayanin yana da mahimmanci kuma ya kamata a yi la'akari kafin a bincika fara aiki don haɓaka sabon 3DPAM.
Wannan bita na Tsararren yana nuna cewa ƙira da 3D buga samfuran ƙirar al'ada ana yiwuwa ne a ƙananan farashi, musamman lokacin amfani da fdm ko kayan filastik mara tsada. Koyaya, waɗannan ƙayyadaddun ƙirar za a iya inganta ta ƙara launi ko ƙara zane a cikin kayan daban daban. Morearin samfurori masu zurfi (wanda aka buga ta amfani da abubuwa da yawa na launuka masu yawa na ƙirar Cadaver) suna buƙatar ƙarin fasahar buga labarai da sau uku. Wannan zai kara yawan kudin gaba daya. Babu wani abin da aka shirya aiwatar da tsari, zabar hanyar da ta dace shine mabuɗin zuwa ga nasarar 3DPAMS. Babban ƙudurin Spatial, mafi hakikanin abin da ya dogara da ƙira ya zama kuma ana iya amfani dashi don bincike mai ci gaba. Daga ra'ayi na Interagogical, 3dpam kayan aiki ne mai tasiri don koyar da ilmin jikin mutum, kamar yadda shaidar ilimi ke sarrafawa ga ɗalibai da gamsuwa. Tasirin koyarwa na 3DPam ya fi kyau idan ya fara samar da rikice-rikicen rikice-rikicen da ɗalibai suna amfani da shi da wuri a cikin aikin likita.
Bayanin da aka haifar da / ko nazarin a cikin binciken na yanzu ba a fili ba saboda shingen harshe amma suna samuwa daga mawallafin a kan bukatar mai dacewa.
Drake rl, Lowry DJ, Pruitt cm. A review na m attomomy, microanatomy, neurobiology, da kuma darussan ibada a cikin tsarin makarantar likita na Amurka. Anat rec. 2002; 269 (2): 118-22.
Ghosh SK Cadaveric disction a matsayin kayan aiki na ilimi ga ilimin kimiyya a cikin karni na 21: Daidaitawa a matsayin kayan aiki na ilimi. Bincike na ilimin kimiyya. 2017; 10 (3): 286-99.
Lokaci: Nuwamba-13-2023